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The challenge of behavioural diversity, Richard W. Wrangham et al. Part 1 Ecology: overview - ecology, diversity and culture, Richard W. Wrangham; tools compared - the material of culture, W.C. McGrew; party size in chimpanzees and bonobos - a re-evaluation of theory based on two similarly forested sites, Colin A. Chapman et al; the significance of terrestrial herbaceous foods for bonobos, chimpanzees and gorillas, Richard K. Malenky et al; hunting strategies of Gombe and Tai chimpanzees, Christophe Boesch; comparative locomotor behaviour of chimpanzees and bonobos - species and habitat differences, Diane M. Doran and Kevin D. Hunt; comparative analyses of nest-building behaviour in bonobos and chimpanzees, Barbara Fruth and Gottfried Hohman; diversity of medicinal plant use by chimpanzees in the wild, Michael A. Huffman and Richard W. Wrangham. Part 2 Social relations: overview - diversity in social relations, W.C. McGrew; social role and development of noncopulatory sexual behaviour of wild bonobos, Chie Hashimoto and Takeshi Furuichi; grooming relationships in two species of chimpanzees, Yasuyuki Muroyama and Yukimaru Sugiyama; reproductive success story - variability among chimpanzees and comparisons with gorillas, Caroline E.G. Tutin; ethological studies of chimpanzee vocal behaviour, John C. Mitani; pacifying interventions at Arnhem Zoo and Gombe, Christopher Boehm; social relationships of female chimpanzees - diversity between captive social groups, Kate C. Baker and Barbara B. Smuts; chimpanzee's adaptive potential - a comparison of social life under captive and wild conditions, Frans B.M. de Waal. Part 3 Cognition: overview - culture and cognition, Frans B.M. de Waal; understanding chimpanzee understanding, Jan A.R.A.M. van Hooff; what chimpanzees (might) know about the mind, Daniel J. Povinelli; the question of chimpanzee culture, Michael Tomasello; biobehavioural roots of language - a comparative perspective of chimpanzee, child and culture, Duane M. Rumbaugh et al; individual differences in the cognitive abilities of chimpanzees, Sarah T. Boysen; field experiments on use of stone tools in the wild, Tetsuro Matsuzawa. Part 4 Afterword and postscript: afterword - review of recent findings on Mahale chimpanzees - implications and future research directions, Toshisada Nishida; postscript - conservation and the future of chimpanzee and bonobo research in Africa, Jane Goodall.