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Preface; 1. Introduction: ecology of butterflies in Europe - where are we now and where to go? Roger Dennis; Part I. Habitat-Use: Resources and Constraints: 2. Adult food resources in butterflies Andreas Erhardt and Jovanne Mevi-Schutz; 3. Mating behaviour in butterflies Per-Olof Wickman; 4. Butterfly oviposition: sites, behaviour and modes Enrique Garcia-Barros and Thomas Fartmann; 5. Butterfly herbivory and larval ecology Miguel L. Munguira, Enrique Garcia-Barros and Jose Martin Cano; 6. Thermoregulation and habitat use in butterflies Per-Olof Wickman; 7. Predictive species distribution modelling in butterflies Boris Schroder, Barbara Strauss, Birgit Binzenhofer, Robert Biedermann and Josef Settele; Part II. Population Biology: Population Structure, Dynamics and Genetics: 8. Butterfly population structure and dynamics Rob Wilson and David Roy; 9. Costs and benefits of dispersal in butterflies Thomas Hovestadt and Marko Nieminen; 10. Population genetics of butterflies Gabriel Neve; 11. Parasitoids of European butterflies Mark Shaw, Constanti Stefanescu and Saskya van Nouhuys; Part III. Evolutionary Ecology: 12. Adaptation and plasticity in butterflies: the interplay of genes and environment Hans Van Dyck and Jack Windig; 13. Functional significance of butterfly wing morphology Tim Shreeve, Martin Konvicka and Hans Van Dyck; 14. Evolutionary ecology of butterfly fecundity Bengt Karlsson and Hans Van Dyck; 15. Gradients in butterfly biology Soren Nylin; Part IV. Species in Time and Space: Distribution and Phylogeny: 16. Bad species - how ecology and evolution confuse butterfly taxonomy Henri Descimon and James Mallet; 17. Butterfly faunal structures, phylogeography, and historical implications Roger Dennis and Thomas Schmitt; 18. Butterfly richness patterns and gradients David Gutierrez; 19. Ecological genetics and evolutionary ecology in butterfly hybrid zones Adam Porter; Part V. Global Change and Conservation: 20. Climate warming and distribution changes in butterflies Jane K. Hill, Ralf Ohlemuller, Richard Fox and Chris D. Thomas; 21. Conservation status of European butterflies Chris Van Swaay, Dirk Maes and Martin Warren; 22. (Meta)population viability analysis in butterflies: a crystal ball for the conservation of endangered butterflies? Nicolas Schtickzelle and Michel Baguette; 23. Butterflies of European ecosystems: impact of land use and options for conservation management Josef Settele, John Dover, Matthias Dolek and Martin Konvicka.