Encyclopedia of Human Biology

About this book

The only reference work that provides a complete coverage of this vast subject. It includes more than 670 articles in 37 different biological fields relating to humans, such as Biochemistry, Genetics, Cell Biology, Hematology, Physiology, Reproduction, Oncology, Immunology, Virology, Pharmacology, Public Health, Gerontology, Evolution, Behaviour, Psychiatry, Biotechnology, and many more.

Contents

Preface to the First Edition. Preface to the Second Edition. A Guide to Using the Encyclopedia. Volume 1 - A-Bi: Abortion, Spontaneous. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, Epidemic. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, Infectious Complications. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, T-Cell Subsets. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, Virology. Acute Phase Response. Adaptational Physiology. Adaptation and Human Geographic Variation. Addiction. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). Adenoviruses. Adipose Cell. Adolescence. Adrenal Gland. Adrenergic and Related G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Affective Disorders, Genetic Markers. Affective Responses. Aggression. Aging and Language. Aging, Molecular Aspects. Aging, Psychiatric Aspects. Agronomy. Alcohol, Impact on Health. Alcohol Toxicology. Alkaloids in Medicine. Allergy. Altruism. Alzheimer's Disease. Amoebiasis, Infection with Entamoeba histolytica. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Anaerobic Infections in Humans. Anesthesia. Animal Models of Disease. Animal Parasites. Antibiotic Inhibitors of Bacterial Cell Wall Biosynthesis. Antibiotics. Antibody-Antigen Complexes: Biological Consequences. Antibody Diversity (Clonal Selection). Antidepressants. Anti-Inflammatory Steroid Action. Antimicrobial Agents, Impact on Newborn Infants. Antimicrobial Drugs. Antinuclear Antibodies and Autoimmunity. Antisense Inhibitors. Appetite. Articular Cartilage and the Intervertebral Disc. Articulations, Joints. Artificial Cells. Artificial Heart. Artificial Kidney. Artificial Skin. Asbestos. Ascorbic Acid. Asthma. Astrocytes. Ataxia-Telangiectasia and the ATM Gene. Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis: From Risk Factors to Regulatory Molecules. ATP Synthesis in Mitochondria. Atrial Natriuretic Factor. Attention. Attitudes as Determinants of Food Consumption. Attraction and Interpersonal Relationships. Autism. Autoantibodies. Autoimmune Disease. Autonomic Nervous System. Bacterial Infections, Detection. B-Cell Activation. Behavioral Development, Birth to Adolescence. Behavioral Effects of Observing Violence. Behavior: Cooperative, Competitive, and Individualistic. Behavior Measurement in Psychobiological Research. Bile Acids. Binocular Vision and Space Perception. Bioenergetics and the Adrenal Medulla. Bioethics. Biofeedback. Bioimpedance. Biomechanics. Biomineralization and Calcification. Birth Control. Birth Defects. Volume 2 - Bl-Co: Blood Binding of Drugs. Blood-Brain Barrier. Blood Coagulation, Hemostasis. Blood Coagulation, Tissue Factor. Blood Platelets and Their Receptors. Blood Sampling, Fetal. Blood Supply Testing for Infectious Diseases. Body Fat, Menarche, and Fertility. Body Temperature and Its Regulation. Bone Cell Genes, Molecular Analysis. Bone Density and Fragility, Age-Related Changes. Bone, Embryonic Development. Bone Marrow Transplantation. Bone Regulatory Factors. Bone Remodeling. Bone Tumors. Bony Pelvis of Archaic Homo sapiens. Brain. Brain, Central Gray Area. Brain Evolution. Brain, Higher Function. Brain Messengers and the Pituitary Gland. Brain Regulation of Gastrointestinal Function. Brain Spectrin. Brain Tumors. Breast Cancer Biology. Caffeine. Calcium Antagonists. Calcium, Biochemistry. Cancer Genetics. Cancer Immunology. Cancer Prevention. Cardiac Muscle. Cardiogenic Reflexes. Cardiovascular Hormones. Cardiovascular Responses to Weightlessness. Cardiovascular System, Anatomy. Cardiovascular System, Pharmacology. Cardiovascular System, Physiology and Biochemistry. Carnivory. Cartilage. Catecholamines and Behavior. CD8 and CD4: Structure, Function, and Molecular Biology. Cell. Cell Adhesion Molecules. Cell Cycle. Cell Junctions. Cell Membrane. Cell Membrane Transport. Cell Nucleus. Cell Receptors. Cell Signaling. Cellular Cytoskeleton. Cellular Memory. Cell Volume, Physiological Role. Cell Volume, Regulation. Central Nervous System, Toxicology. Cerebral Specialization. Cerebral Ventricular System and Cerebrospinal Fluid. Cerebrovascular System. Chemical Carcinogenesis Chemotherapeutic Synergism, Potentiation, and Antagonism. Chemotherapy, Antiparasitic Agents. Chemotherapy, Antiviral Agents. Chemotherapy, Cancer. Childbirth. Cholesterol. Chromatin Folding. Chromatin Structure and Gene Expression in the Mammalian Brain. Chromosome Anomalies. Chromosome Patterns in Human Cancer and Leukemia. Chromosomes. Chromosomes, Molecular Studies. Chromosome-Specific Human Gene Libraries. Circadian Rhythms and Periodic Processes. Citrate Cycle. Cocaine and Stimulant Addiction. Cochlear Chemical Neurotransmission. Coenzymes, Biochemistry. Cognitive Representation in the Brain. Collagen, Structure and Function. Colon Cancer Biology. Color Vision. Comparative Anatomy. Comparative Physiology. Complement System. Volume 3 - Co-Fe: Conditioning. Connective Tissue. Copper, Iron, and Zinc in Human Metabolism. Cortex. Cranial Nerves. Craniofacial Growth, Genetics. Craniofacial Growth, Postnatal. Crime, Delinquency, and Psychopathy. Cryotechniques in Biological Electron Microscopy. Cystic Fibrosis, Molecular Genetics. Cytochrome -450. Cytokines and the Immune Response. Dementia in the Elderly. Dental and Oral Biology, Anatomy. Dental and Oral Biology, Pathology. Dental Anthropology. Dental Caries. Dental Embryology and Histology. Depression. Depression, Neurotransmitters and Receptors. Developmental Neuropsychology. Development of the Self. Development, Psychobiology. Diabetes Mellitus. Diagnostic Radiology. Dielectric Properties of Tissue. Diet. Dietary Factors of the Cancer Process. Digestion and Absorption of Human Milk Lipids. Digestive System, Anatomy. Digestive System, Physiology and Biochemistry. Digital Dermatoglyphics (Fingerprints). Diuretics. DNA and Gene Transcription. DNA-Binding Sites. DNA in the Nucleosome. DNA Markers as Diagnostic Tools. DNA Methodologies in Disease Diagnosis. DNA Methylation in Mammalian Genomes: Promoter Activity and Genetic Imprinting. DNA Repair. DNA Replication. Down Syndrome, Molecular Genetics. Dreaming. Drug Analysis. Drugs of Abuse and Alcohol Interactions. Drug Testing. Dyslexia-Dysgraphia. Ears and Hearing. Eating Disorders. Eating Styles and Food Choices Associated with Obesity and Dieting. Ecotoxicology. Elastin. Electron Microscopy. Embryo, Body Pattern Formation. Embryofetopathology. Embryology and Placentation of Twins. Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases. Emotional Motor System. Endocrine System. Endocrinology, Developmental. Endometriosis. Energy Metabolism. Environmental and Occupational Toxicology. Enzyme Inhibitors. Enzyme Isolation. Enzymes, Coenzymes, and the Control of Cellular Chemical Reactions. Enzyme Thermostability. Ependyma. Epidermal Proliferation. Epilepsies. Epstein-Barr Virus. Ergonomics. Estrogen and Osteoporosis. Evolving Hominid Strategies. Excitatory Neurotransmitters and Their Involvement in Neurodegeneration. Exercise. Exercise and Cardiovascular Function. Extracellular Matrix. Eye, Anatomy. Eye Movements. Famine: Causes, Prevention, and Relief. Fatty Acids. Feeding Behavior. Fertilization. Fetus. Volume 4 - Fl-Im: Flow Cytometry. Follicle Growth and Leuteinization. Food Acceptance: Sensory, Somatic, and Social Influences. Food Allergies and Intolerances. Food and Nutrition, Perception. Food Antioxidants. Food Groups. Food Microbiology. Food Toxicology. Forearm, Coordination of Movements. Fragile X Syndromes. Free Radicals and Disease. Fusimotor Systems. Gangliosides. Galglioside Transport. Gastric Circulation. Gastric Microbiology and Gastroduodenal Diseases. Gastrointestinal Cancer. Gaucher Disease, Molecular Genetics. Gene Amplification. Gene Mapping. Genes. Gene Targeting Techniques. Gene Therapy. Genetically Engineered Antibody Molecules. Genetic and Environmental Influences on Psychopathology. Genetic Counseling. Genetic Diseases. Genetic Imprinting. Genetic Maps. Genetic Polymorphism. Genetics and Mental Disorders. Genetic Testing. Genomes in the Study of Primate Relations. Gerontechnology. Gerontology. Gerontology, Physiology. Glutathione. Glycogen. Glycolysis. G Proteins. Growth, Anatomical. Growth Factors and Tissue Repair. Hair. Headache. Health Care Technology. Health Psychology. Heart, Anatomy. Heart-Lung Machine. Heat Shock. HeLa Cells. Helminth Infections. Hematology and Immunology in Space. Hemispheric Interactions. Hemoglobin. Hemoglobin, Molecular Genetics and Pathology. Hemophilia, Molecular Genetics. Hemopoietic System. Herpesviruses. Hippocampal Formation. Histones. Hormonal Influences on Behavior. Human Evolution. Human Genetics. Human Genome. Human Genome and Its Evolutionary Origin. Huntington's Disease. Hydrocephalus. Hypercalcemia of Malignancy. Hypertension. Hyperthermia and Cancer. Hypothalamus. Immune Surveillance. Immune System. Immunoassays, Nonradionucleotide. Immunobiology of Transplantation. Immunoconjugates. Immunodeficiencies, Genetic. Immunological Tolerance. Immunology of Parasitism. Immunology, Regional. Immunopathology. Immunotoxins. Implantation, Embryology. Volume 5 - In-Mu: Inbreeding in Human Populations. Infectious Diseases. Infectious Diseases, Pediatric. Infectious Diseases, Transmission. Inflammation. Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Influenza Virus Infections. Insulin and Glucagon. Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Insulin-Like Growth Factors and Fetal Growth. Interferons. Interleukin-2 and the IL-2 Receptor. Intestinal Blood Flow Regulation. In Vitro Fertilization. Ion Pumps. Isoenzymes. Keratinocyte Transformation. Kidney. Kinins: Chemistry, Biology, and Functions. Lactation. Lactose Malabsorption and Intolerance. Laminin in Neuronal Development. Language. Language, Evolution. Laryngeal Reflexes. Larynx. Learning and Memory. Leishmaniasis. Leukemia. Life-Cycle Transitions. Lipids. Lithium Effects on Blood Cell Production and on the Immune System. Liver. Liver Cancer and the Role of Hepatitis B Virus. Locomotion, Neural Networks. Longevity. Low Temperature Effects on Humans. Lung Cancer. Lyme Disease. Lymphocyte-Mediated Cytotoxicity. Lymphocyte Responses to Retinoids. Lymphocytes. Lymphoma. Macrophages. Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC). Malaria. Malnutrition. Malnutrition of the Elderly. Marjuana and Cannabinoids. Maternal Mortality. Mathematical Modeling of Drug Resistance in Cancer Chemotherapy. Mating Behavior. Measles. Meiosis. Melanoma Antigens and Antibodies. Melanoma, Malignant. Melatonin. Membranes, Biological. Meninges. Menopause. Menstrual Cycle. Mental Disorders. Metabolic Disorders. Metabolic Regulation. Metastasis. Microbial Protein Toxins. Microtubules. Microvascular Fluid and Solute Exchange. Micturition Control. Minerals in Human Life. Mitochondria. Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain. Mitosis. Monoclonal Antibody Technology. Mood Disorders. Mortality. Motor Control. Motor Skills, Acquisition. Movement. Mucosal Immunology. Multiple Sclerosis. Multiple-Task Interactions. Muscle, Anatomy. Muscle Development, Molecular and Cellular Control. Muscle Dynamics. Muscle, Molecular Genetics. Muscle Physiology and Biochemistry. Muscular Dystrophies. Mutation Rates. Volume 6 - My-Pl: Myasthenia Gravis. Mycotoxins. Myelin and Demyelinating Disorders. Nasal Tract Biochemistry. Natural Killer and Other Effector Cells. Naturally Occurring Toxicants in Food. Natural Toxins. Neocortex. Neoplasms, Biochemistry. Neoplasms, Etiology. Nerve Regeneration. Nervous System, Anatomy. Nervous System, Plasticity. Neural Basis of Oral and Facial Function. Neural-Immune Interactions. Neural Networks. Neuroendocrinology. Neurological Control of the Circulatory System. Neurology of Memory. Neuropharmacology. Neurotransmitter and Neuropeptide Receptors in the Brain. Neurotrophic Factors. Neutrophils. Newborn Screening. Nitric Oxide. Nonnarcotic Drug Use and Abuse. Nuclear Pore, Structure and Function. Nucleotide and Nucleic Acid Synthesis, Cellular Organization. Nutrients, Energy Content. Nutritional Modulation of Aging Processes. Nutritional Quality of Foods and Diets. Nutrition, Carbohydrates. Nutrition, Dietary Fiber. Nutrition, Fats and Oils. Nutrition, Protein. Nutrition, Trace Elements. Obesity. Obesity, Genetics. Olfactory Information Processing. Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Growth and Development. Oncogene Amplification in Human Cancer. Oncogenes and Proto-oncogenes. Oogenesis. Opioids. Optical Properties of Tissue. Oral Contraceptives and Disease Risk. Organ Transplantation. Oxygen Transport to Tissue. Pain. Pancreas, Physiology and Disease. Pancreatic Toxicology. Papillomaviruses and Neoplastic Transformation. Parathyroid Gland and Hormone. Parkinson's Disease. Parkinson's Disease, Biological Basis and Therapy. Pathology, Comparative. Pathology, Diagnostic. Pathophysiology of the Upper Respiratory Tract. Pediatrics. Peptide Hormones and Their Convertases. Peptide Hormones of the Gut. Peptides. Perception. Periodontics. Personality. Personality Disorders. Person Perception. Persuasion. Pesticide Residues in Foods. Phagocytes. pH and Carbohydrate Metabolism. Pharmacogenetics. Pharmacokinetics. Phenylketonuria, Molecular Genetics. pH Homeostasis. Phospholipid Metabolism. Phosphorylation of Microtubule Protein. Photoelectric Effect and Photoelectron Microscopy. Picornaviruses/Poliovirus. Pituitary. Placenta. Plasma Lipoproteins. Volume 7 - Po-Se: Polarized Epithelial Cells. Polyamine Metabolism. Polymerase Chain Reaction. Polymorphism of the Aging Immune System. Population Differentiation and Racial Classification. Population Genetics. Porphyrins and Bile Pigments. Pregnancy, Dietary Cravings and Aversions. Pregnancy, Gestation. Pregnancy, Nausea and Vomiting. Prenatal Diagnosis. Primate Behavioral Ecology. Primates. Prions. Problem Solving. Programmed Cell Death, Apoptosis. Proprioceptive Reflexes. Proprioceptors and Proprioception. Prostate Cancer. Protein Detection. Protein-Energy Malnutrition. Protein Phosphorylation. Proteins. Protein Targeting, Basic Concepts. Protein Targeting, Molecular Mechanisms. Proteoglycans. Protozoal Infections. Pseudoautosomal Region of the Sex Chromosomes. Psychoanalyic Theory. Psychoneuroimmunology. Psychophysiological Disorders. Psychotherapy. Puberty. Pulmonary Circulation, Pharmacology. Pulmonary Pathophysiology. Pulmonary Toxicology. Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism. Quinolones. Radiation, Biological Effects. Radiation in Space. Radiation Interaction Properties of Body Tissues. Radiobiology. Radioimmunoassays. Radiosensitivity of the Integumentary System. Radiosensitivity of the Small and Large Intestines. Reasoning and Natural Selection. Receptor Molecules, Mammalian Fertilization. Receptors, Biochemistry. Red Cell Calcium. Red Cell Membrane. Reproduction. Reproductive Processes, Neurochemical Control. Reproductive System, Anatomy. Respiration, Comparative Physiology. Respiratory Burst. Respiratory System, Anatomy. Respiratory System, Physiology and Biochemistry. Reticuloendothelial System. Retina. Retroviral Vaccines. Retroviruses as Vectors for Gene Transfer. Ribonucleases, Metabolic Involvement. Ribosomes. RNA Replication. Salivary Glands and Saliva. Salmonella. Salt Preference in Humans. Scanning Electron Microscopy. Scanning Optical Microscopy. Schistosomiasis. Schizophrenia, Psychosocial Treatment. Schizophrenic Disorders. Seizure Generation, Subcortical Mechanisms. Selenium in Nutrition. Sensation-Seeking Trait. Sensory-Motor Behavioral Organization and Changes in Infancy. Sequence Analysis of DNA, RNA, and Protein. Serotonin in the Central Nervous System. Sex Differences, Biocultural. Sex Differences, Biological. Sex Differences, Psychological. Sexual Behavior. Sexuality, Evolutionary Perspectives. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Volume 8 - Si-Z: Sickle Cell Hemoglobin. Skeletal Muscle. Skeleton. Skin. Skin and Touch. Skin, Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation. Sleep. Sleep Disorders. Smooth Muscle. Somatosensory System. Space Travel, Biochemistry and Physiology. Speech and Language Pathology. Sperm. Sphingolipid Metabolism and Biology. Spinal Cord. Spinal Cord Dysfunction. Steroid Hormone Synthesis. Steroids. Stroke. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Suffering, Healing, and the Human Condition. Suicide. Sulfites in Foods. Superovulation and Ovulation Induction. Superoxide Dismutase. Sweetness Stereochemistry. Synaptic Physiology of the Brain. T-Cell Activation. T-Cell Receptors. Telomeres and Telomerase. Teratogenic Defects. Teratology. Testicular Function. Thalamus. Thermal Injuries. Thermotolerance in Mammalian Development. Thinking. Thirst. Thymus. Thyroid Gland and Its Hormones. Tobacco, Smoking, and Nicotine: Impact on Health. Togaviruses and Flaviviruses. Tongue and Taste. Total Body Calcium Measurement. Transfer RNAs, Molecular Recognition. Transforming Growth Factor-alpha . Transforming Growth Factor-beta. Trichinosis. Trichothecene Mycotoxicoses. Trigeminal System, Somatic Sensory Receptors. Trypanosomioses. Tuberculosis, Public Health Aspects. Tumor Clonality. Tumor Suppressor Genes. Tumor Suppressor Genes, p53. Tumor Suppressor Genes, Retinoblastoma. Ultrasound Propagation in Tissue. Urinary System, Anatomy. Uterus and Uterine Response to Estrogen. Vaccines, Synthetic. Vascular Capacitance. Ventricular Assist Devices. Vertebra. Virology, Medical. Viruses and Cancer. Visceral Afferent Systems, Signaling and Integration. Vision, Physiology. Vision, Psychophysics. Visual Illusions. Visual System. Vitamin A. Vitamin A Transport, Inter- and Intracellular. Vitamin D. Vitamin E. Vomeronasal Organ and Human Chemical Communication. X Chromosome Inactivation. Zinc Metabolism. Zoonosis. Volume 9: Index.

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Biography

Dr. Renato Dulbecco is President Emeritus and Distinguished Resident Professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California. Known for his pioneering work in cancer-causing viruses, Dulbecco was awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine/physiology in 1975. At the beginning of his career, Dulbecco devoted his work to the study of virology. During his early research, he developed what continues to be the most widely used technique for growing and maintaining cells in culture and for measuring the activity of animal viruses, such as poliovirus. Subsequently, Dulbecco, working with cancer-producing viruses, was able to show how genes of the virus interact with those of the host cell in tissue culture, which was a fundamental discovery in understanding the uncontrolled proliferation of cells in the cancer process. Dulbecco was born and educated in Italy, and he received his doctorate of medicine from the University Turin in 1936. He joined the Salk Institute as one of the original group of Fellows in 1963 and was associated with the Institute until 1972. From 1972 through 1977, Dulbecco was Deputy Director of the Imperial Cancer Research Laboratory in London. Since rejoining the Salk Institute in 1977, he has held the position of Distinguished Research Professor and Senior Clayton Foundation Investigator. In 1988 he was named President of the Salk Institute. Dulbecco's more recent research has involved the study of the origin of breast cancer. He has studied the various cell types that comprise breast tissue, a necessary first step in the process of understanding how some cells undergo transformation and become malignant. Dulbecco has used monoclonal antibody techniques to study breast cancer in laboratory animals and in humans, with the objective of developing new and reliable means of classifying cells in the breast, and identifying those that may be susceptible to carcinogenic agents. Some of the antibodies he produced have been studied for clinical applications.