Developed specifically for mechanical chemical, and petroleum engineering students, Fuels, Energy, and the Environment provides an up-to-date, informed, well-integrated, and balanced overview of the field of fuels science and technology with particular reference to energy supplies, efficiency, and the environment.
It is an integrated yet simplified and concise presentation of the factors and processes that control the suitability of various types of fuels in combustion systems and their impact on the environment.
This approach also links supportively with related conventional engineering courses such as thermodynamics, combustion, environmental engineering, chemistry, and materials.
Introduction
Preamble
Different Forms of Energy
Primary Sources of Energy
Non-Fossil Fuel-Based Energy
Considering the Losses of Energy from Its Production Source to Its Point of Consumption
Energy Resources Exploitation
Fuels in General
Introduction
Some of the Main Desirable Properties of Fuels
Some Relevant Units of Measurement
Some Patterns of Fuel and Energy Resources and Usage
Definitions of Reserves
Some General Observations about Fuel and Energy Statistics
Changes in the Consumption of Different Sources of Energy
Fuels Classification
Fossil Fuels
Hydrocarbon Fuels
Some Oxygenated Compounds
Fuel-Consuming Energy Systems
Fuel-Consuming Work-Producing Devices
Work and Heat
Efficiency
Fuel Energy Systems
Cogeneration
Fuel Consumption
Hybrid Engines
Choice of Energy Systems
Stoichiometry and Thermodynamics
Heating Value of Fuels
Adiabatic Flame Temperature
Procedure for Calculating the Temperature and Composition of the Products of Combustion, When Equilibrium Conditions are Assumed
Calorimeters
Some Solved Examples
Chemical Kinetics of Fuel Combustion
Chemical Reactions
Combustion Chemical Kinetics
Solved Examples
Modeling Fuel Combustion Reactions
Types of Chemical Reactions Relevant to Fuels and Energy
Exhaust Emissions from the Combustion of Fuels
Products of Combustion of Fuels
Air Pollution Control
Catalytic Converters
Greenhouse Effect
Sulfur in Fuels
Fuel-Induced Corrosion of Metals
Solved Example
Combustion and Flames
Combustion, Flames, and Ignition Processes
Diffusion Flames versus Premixed Flames
Combustion Stability Characteristics
Fuel Combustion via Burners and Orifices
Combustion of Solid Fuels
Solid Fuels Combustion Using Fluidized Beds
Fire and Safety in Relation to Fuel Installations and Handling
Fuel Fires
Flammability Limits of Fuels
Some Protective Measures
Flash Point
Some Terms Related to Fuel Fires and Safety
Solved Example
Petroleum
Petroleum Reservoirs
Oil Recovery
Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods
Oil Sands
Oil Shale
Refining of Petroleum
Need for Refining
Refining Chemical Processes
Catalysts and Their Action
Controls through Codes and Standards
Gasoline
Spark Ignition Gasoline-Fueled Engines
Volatility
Additives to Gasoline
Catalysts
Spark Ignition Engine Knock
Some Features of Engine Knock
Some Negative Effects of Knock in Spark Ignition Engines
Operational Knock Limits
Octane Number
Effects of Engine Variables for Increased Incidence of Knock
Knock Control
Three-Way Catalyst
Diesel Fuels and Some Other Liquid Fuels
Diesel Engine Combustion Processes
Ignition Delay in Diesel Engines
Diesel Engine Fuels
Diesel Engine Emissions
Biodiesel Fuels
Fischer-Tropsch Diesel
Dual-Fuel Engine
Liquid Fuels for Aviation Applications
Heavy Fuels for Boiler and Furnace Applications
Liquid and Solid Propellants
Solved Example
Solid Fuels
Combustion of Solid Fuels
Coal
Case for Coal
Some Properties of Coal
Classification of Coals
Solved Examples
Coal Combustion in Fluidized Beds
Gasification of Coal
Underground Gasification of Coal
Some Other Solid Fuels
Coal Bed Methane
Solid Fuels as Propellants
Solved Example
Natural Gas and Other Gaseous Fuels
Merits of Operation on Gaseous Fuels
Natural Gas
Natural Gas Transmission
Flaring of Fuel Gases
Liquefied Natural Gas
LNG Safety
Hydrates of Methane
Comparison of Features of Natural Gas-Fueled Gas Turbines with Those of Spark-Ignition Engines
Propane and Liquefied Petroleum Gas
Solved Example
LPG Safety
Some Common Non-Natural Gas Mixtures
Landfill Gases
Biogas Fuels
Hydrogen Sulfide
Solved Examples
Alternative Fuels
Introduction
Applications
Alcohols as Fuels
Hydrogen as a Fuel
Liquid Hydrogen
Compressed Natural Gas
Glossary
References
Index
Ghazi A. Karim is a professor of engineering at the University of Calgary. Dr. Karim has developed numerous undergraduate and graduate courses, conducted research, and published extensively on topics relating to energy conversion, fuels, combustion, and the environment. He has also been a consultant to a wide variety of public and private institutions.