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Diffusion of suitably treated domestic and industrial wastewaters into marine receiving waters from properly designed and sited marine outfalls is one of the most environmentally safe options for populations near open coastal areas. Scientists and engineers study the oceanography, biology and ecology of receiving water areas to determine impacts and sensitivities and to ensure that the necessary water quality standards and degrees of treatment are met. Experts discussed and exchanged experiences on many aspects of marine disposal of wastewater, from monitoring of contaminants and levels of treatment required, to the scientific developments in measuring equipment and mathematical modelling, to discussing environmental impact, and public relations and perceptions. The best papers presented are published in this volume, providing a useful work on worldwide experience in marine disposal systems.
Contents
Section headings and selected papers: Water Quality Standards and Bacterial Indicators. Bacterial die-off from sewage discharged through submarine outfalls, J. M. Bravo & A. De Vic;nte. Oceanographic Studies and Monitoring of Systems. Compliance testing for ocean outfall performance utilising natural fluorescence of effluent in seawater mixtures, R. B. Kaye & P. R. Had;ad. Environmental Impact Studies. Impact of sewage disposal on the distribution and flux of detergents in Alexandria coastal waters, Egypt, T. A. Aboul-Kassim. Ecological consequences of untreated wastewater discharge in the Saronikos Gulf, Greece, A. J. Theodorou. Modelling of Waste Disposal Systems. Modelling microbial concentrations from multiple outfalls using time-varying inputs and decay rates, R. G. Bell et al. Debate on uncertainty in estimating bathing water quality, T. Larsen. Submarine Outfall Design and Construction. The concept of the optimum alignment of discharge pipelines due to the minimization of the wave forces, A. Akyarli & Y. Arisoy; Cultural, Legal and Social Issues. Marine disposal of waste water from combined sewerage systems - problems, politics, practicalities, P. C. Head & D. H. Cra;shaw. An example of how bad public relations can defeat a good water pollution control project, E. R. de Britto et al. The reintegration of used waters in the environment, P. Celestino da Costa.
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