The papers focus on late Cenozoic mammals in North America and Africa, and provide site-specific descriptions of faunas and their associated geological contexts, plus more general syntheses of regional palaeoenvironments and biogeography. The volume contains individual discussions of North American fossil prairie dogs, mastodons, zebras, short-faced bears, sabre cats, lions, giant armadillos, elk-moose, caribou and muskrats, as well as African hyaenas, zebras, hipparion horses, antelopes, rodents and giraffes.