Microbial Biochemistry

About this book

Microbial physiology, biochemistry and genetics allowed the formulation of concepts that turned out to be important in the study of higher organisms. In the first section, the principles of bacterial growth are given, as well as the description of the different layers that enclose the bacterial cytoplasm, and their role in obtaining nutrients from the outside media through different permeability mechanism described in detail. A chapter is devoted to allostery and is indispensable for the comprehension of many regulatory mechanisms described throughout Microbial Biochemistry. Another section analyses the mechanisms by which cells obtain the energy necessary for their growth, glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, the tricarboxylic and the anaplerotic cycles. Two chapters are devoted to classes of microorganisms rarely dealt with in textbooks, namely the Archaea, mainly the methanogenic bacteria, and the methylotrophs.

Eight chapters describe the principles of the regulations at the transcriptional level, with the necessary knowledge of the machineries of transcription and translation. The next fifteen chapters deal with the biosynthesis of the cell building blocks, amino acids, purine and pyrimidine nucleotides and deoxynucleotides, water-soluble vitamins and coenzymes, isoprene and tetrapyrrole derivatives and vitamin B12. The two last chapters are devoted to the study of protein-DNA interactions and to the evolution of biosynthetic pathways. The considerable advances made in the last thirty years in the field by the introduction of gene cloning and sequencing and by the exponential development of physical methods such as X-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance have helped presenting metabolism under a multidisciplinary attractive angle.

Contents

Foreword
Introduction

1. Bacterial growth
2. The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and the cytoplasmic membrane
3. Peptidoglycan synthesis and cell division
4. Cellular permeability
5. Allosteric enzymes
6. Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogen and cellulose biosynthesis
7. The pentose phosphate and Entner-Doudoroff pathways
8. The tricarboxylic acid cycle and the glyoxylate bypass
9. ATP-generating processes. Respiration and Fermentation
10. Biosynthesis of lipids
11. Iron-sulfur proteins
12. The Archaea
13. Methanogens and methylotrophs
14. Enzyme induction in catabolic systems
15. Transcription. RNA polymerase
16. Negative regulation
17. Enzyme repression in anabolic pathways
18. Positive regulation
19. The Ribosomes, Translation, Chaperones and Chaperonins
20. The genetic code, the transfer RNAs and the aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases
21. Attenuation
22. Regulation by RNAs and Riboswitches
23. The biological fixation of nitrogen
24. How biosynthetic pathways have been established
25. The aspartic acid family of amino acids
26. Regulation of the biosynthesis of the amino acids of the aspartic acid family in Enterobacteriaceae
27. Other patterns of regulation of the synthesis of amino acids of the aspartate family
28. Biosynthesis of the amino acids of the glutamic acid family and its regulation
29. Biosynthesis of amino acids derived from phosphoglyceric acid and pyruvic acid
30. Selenocysteine and selenoproteins
31. Biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids and its regulation
32. The biosynthesis of histidine and its regulation
33. The biosynthesis of nucleotides
34. The biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides
35. Biosynthesis of some water-soluble vitamins and of their coenzyme forms
36. Biosynthesis of carotene, vitamin A, sterols, ubiquinones and menaquinones
37. Biosynthesis of the tetrapyrrole ring system
38. Biosynthesis of cobalamins including vitamin B12
39. Interactions between proteins and DNA
40. Evolution of biosynthetic pathways

Abbreviations
Subject Index

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