Quantitative Genetics in Maize Breeding

About this book

Maize is used in an endless list of products that are directly or indirectly related to human nutrition and food security. Maize is grown in producer farms, farmers depend on genetically improved cultivars, and maize breeders develop improved maize cultivars for farmers. Nikolai I. Vavilov defined plant breeding as plant evolution directed by man. Among crops, maize is one of the most successful examples for breeder-directed evolution. Maize is a cross-pollinated species with unique and separate male and female organs allowing techniques from both self and cross-pollinated crops to be utilized. As a consequence, a diverse set of breeding methods can be utilized for the development of various maize cultivar types for all economic conditions (e.g., improved populations, inbred lines, and their hybrids for different types of markets). This volume, as part of the "Handbook of Plant Breeding" series, aims to increase awareness of the relative value and impact of maize breeding for food, feed, and fuel security.

Contents

Preface # 1#Introduction# #1.1#Quantitative Genetics# #1.2#Population Improvement: What do we mean by Recurrent Selection?# #1.3#Inbred Line Development #1.4#Conclusions #1.5#References# 2#Means and Variances# #2.1#Genetically Narrow- vs. Broad-Based Reference Populations #2.2#Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium# #2.3#Means of Non-inbred Populations and Derived Families# #2.4#Means of Inbred Populations and Derived Families# #2.5#Mean of a Cross between Two Populations# #2.6#Average Effect #2.7#Breeding Value# #2.8#Genetic Variance# #2.9#Means and Variances in Backcross Populations #2.10#Heritability, Genetic Gain, and Usefulness Concepts #2.11#Generation Mean Analysis #2.12#References# 3#Resemblance Between Relatives# 3.1#Introduction #3.2#Theoretical Basis of Covariance# #3.3#Covariance Between Relatives as a Linear Function of Genetic Variances# #3.4#References# 4#Hereditary Variance: Mating Designs# #4.1#Bi-parental Progenies #4.2#Pure Line Progenies (Analysis in self-pollinated crops)# #4.3#Parent-Offspring Regressions# #4.4#Design I #4.5#Design II# #4.6#Design III# #4.7#Diallel Methods: The Gardner-Eberhart Analysis II Special Case #4.8#Triple Testcross #4.9#Triallel and Quadrallel 4.10#Inbred Lines# #4.11#Selection Experiments# #4.12#More on F2 Populations (Special Case of p = q = 0.5)# #4.13#Epistasis# #4.14#References# 5#Hereditary Variance: Experimental Estimates# #5.1#Experimental Results# #5.2#Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic (BSSS)# #5.3#Selection Experiments vs. Mating Designs for Prediction# #5.4#Epistasis Variance and Effects# #5.5#Correlations among Traits and Indirect Selection 5.6#References 6#Selection: Theory# #6.1#Selection among Populations# 6.2#Selection of Genotypes within Populations# #6.3#Intra-population Improvement: Qualitative Traits# #6.4#Intra-population Improvement: Quantitative Traits# #6.5#Comparing Breeding Methods# #6.6#Increasing Gain from Selection# #6.7 Correlation among Traits and Correlated Response to Selection# #6.8#Multi-Trait Selection# #6.9#References# 7#Selection: Experimental Results# #7.1#Measuring Changes from Selection# #7.2#Improvement from Intra-population Selection# #7.3 Improvement from Inter-population Selection# #7.4#General Effects of Selection# #7.5#Factors Affecting Efficiency of Selection# #7.6#References# 8#Testers and Combining Ability# #8.1#Theory# #8.2#Correlations between Lines and Hybrids# #8.3 Visual Selection# #8.4#Genetic Diversity# #8.5#Testing Stage# #8.6#General vs. Specific Combining Ability# #8.7#References# 9#Inbreeding# #9.1#The Need for Maize Artificial Pollination #9.2#Early Reports of Inbreeding# #9.3#Inbreeding Systems# #9.4#Inbreeding due to Small Population Size# #9.5#Estimates of Inbreeding Depression# #9.6#Frequency of Useful Lines# #9.7#Types of Hybrids Produced from Inbred Lines# #9.8#Heterozygosity and Performance# #9.9#References# 10 Heterosis# #10.1#Introduction and Major Achievements #10.2#Empirical Evidence# #10.3#Genetic Basis# #10.4#Biometrical Concept# #10.5#Heterosis and Prediction Methods across Genotypes# #10.6#Components of Heterosis in Intervarietal Diallel Crosses# #10.7#Conclusions #10.8 #References# 11#Germplasm# #11.1#Origin of Maize# #11.2#Classification of Maize Germplasm# #11.3#Races of Maize in the Western Hemisphere# #11.4#European Races of Maize# #11.5#U.S. Corn Belt Germplasm# #11.6 Germplasm Preservation# #11.7#Potential and Use of Exotic Germplasm# #11.8#References# 12#Breeding Plans# #12.1#Choice of Germplasm# #12.2#Recurrent Selection and Germplasm Improvement #12.3#Integrating Recurrent Selection with Cultivar development #12.4#Intra-population Genetic Improvement# #12.5#Inter-population Genetic Improvement# #12.6#Additional Considerations for Germplasm Improvement #12.7#Additional Considerations for Inbred Line Development #12.8#References Index

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Biography

Arnel R. Hallauer is C. F. Curtiss Distinguished Professor in Agriculture (Emeritus) at Iowa State University (ISU). Dr. Hallauer has led maize-breeding research for mid-season maturity at ISU since 1958. His work has had a worldwide impact on plant-breeding programs, industry, and students and was named a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Hallauer is a native of Kansas, USA. Jose B. Miranda Filho is full-professor in the Department of Genetics, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz - University of Sao Paulo located at Piracicaba, Brazil. His research interests have emphasized development of quantitative genetic theory and its application to maize breeding. Miranda Filho is native of Pirassununga, Sao Paulo, Brazil. M.J. Carena is professor of plant sciences at North Dakota State University (NDSU). Dr. Carena has led maize-breeding research for short-season maturity at NDSU since 1999. This program is currently one the of the few public U.S. programs left integrating pre-breeding with cultivar development and training in applied maize breeding. He teaches Quantitative Genetics and Crop Breeding Techniques at NDSU. Carena is a native of Buenos Aires, Argentina. http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/plantsci/faculty/Carena.htm