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Small Hydroelectric Engineering Practice

By: Bryan Leyland(Author)
254 pages, 90 b/w illustrations, 6 tables, includes CD-ROM
Publisher: CRC Press
Small Hydroelectric Engineering Practice
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  • Small Hydroelectric Engineering Practice ISBN: 9781138000988 Paperback Feb 2014 Not in stock: Usually dispatched within 1 week
    £180.00
    #219370
Price: £180.00
About this book Contents Customer reviews Biography Related titles

About this book

Small Hydroelectric Engineering Practice is a comprehensive reference book covering all aspects of identifying, building, and operating hydroelectric schemes between 500 kW and 50 MW. In this range of outputs there are many options for all aspects of the scheme and it is very important that the best options are chosen. As small hydroelectric schemes are usually built against a limited budget it is extremely important that the concept design is optimum and every component is designed to maximise the benefi t and minimise the cost. As operating costs are often a high proportion of the income it is very important to make sure that everything is designed to be simple, reliable and long lasting.

Small Hydroelectric Engineering Practice is based on the experience gained over 45 years on the overall and detailed design, construction and commissioning of more than 30 small hydropower schemes. It includes contributions from experts in the field of intakes, water diversion structures, geology, canals, painting and other aspects of hydropower development. It is intensely practical with many drawings and photographs of schemes designed and commissioned by Leyland Consultants and others. There are also sections on preparing specifi cations, tender assessment and operation and maintenance.

Small Hydroelectric Engineering Practice includes a CD with spreadsheet programs for analysing aspects of small hydropower development and many arrangement drawings and detail designs for gates, penstocks, electrical systems and control systems. Typical specifi cations for generating plant are also included. The spreadsheets will be useful during the feasibility stage and the drawings will enable designers to scale the designs as needed for their own projects. Consultants, developers, designers, builders and operators of small hydroelectric schemes will find Small Hydroelectric Engineering Practice invaluable..

Contents

Concise table of contents:

1 Introduction
2 Scheme identification
3 Refining the design
4 Detailed design of intake works, canals and penstocks
5 Turbine selection
6 Generators
7 Electrical systems
8 Auxiliary plant
9 Specifications and contracts
10 Powerhouse layout and design
11 Construction and commissioning
12 Operation
13 Lessons from failures

14 Appendix 1: Useful spreadsheets and computer programs
15 Appendix 2: Financial and economic considerations
16 Appendix 3: Environmental issues with two hydropower schemes
17 Appendix 4: Making the most of hydro specifications

References
Subject index
Contents of CD


Detailed table of contents:

1 Introduction

1.1 Key features of small hydro schemes

2 Scheme identification
2.1 Preliminary study
2.1.1 Cost estimates
2.2 Feasibility study
2.2.1 Site survey
2.2.2 Hydrology
2.2.3 Geology
2.2.4 Environmental assessment
2.2.5 Preliminary estimates
2.2.6 Preliminary report

3 Refining the design
3.1 Hydrology
3.2 Geology
3.3 Headworks
3.3.1 Spillway options
3.3.2 Intakes
3.3.3 Canal design
3.4 Penstocks and intakes
3.4.1 Penstock intakes
3.4.2 Steel penstocks
3.4.3 Wood stave penstocks
3.4.4 Plastic and GRP penstocks
3.5 Turbine selection
3.5.1 Low head turbines
3.5.2 Medium head turbines
3.5.3 High head turbines
3.6 Powerhouse arrangement
3.7 Useful spreadsheets
3.8 Preliminary financial analysis
3.9 Outside financing
3.9.1 “Bankable’’ feasibility study
3.9.2 Economic and financial analysis

4 Detailed design of intake works, canals and penstocks
4.1 Environmental factors
4.2 Final optimisation
4.2.1 Technical optimisation
4.2.2 “Alab’’ computer program
4.2.3 “Hydrohelp’’ computer program
4.3 Intakes at low weirs
4.3.1 Coanda screen
4.3.2 Streambed intake
4.3.3 Bypassing
4.3.4 Settling basin
4.4 Conventional intakes
4.4.1 Screen cleaners
4.4.2 Intake gates
4.4.3 Penstock filling
4.4.4 Additional information on intakes
4.5 Spillways
4.5.1 Flap (fish belly) gates
4.5.2 Obermeyer gates
4.5.3 Radial gates
4.6 Bypass gates
4.7 Stoplogs and bulkheads
4.8 Canal regulating gates
4.9 Additional information on gates
4.10 Canals
4.10.1 Controlling leakage
4.10.2 Small unlined canals
4.10.3 Canal linings
4.10.4 Under drainage
4.10.5 Further information
4.11 Penstocks and water hammer
4.11.1 Water hammer
4.11.2 Steel penstocks
4.11.3 Glass reinforced plastic (GRP) penstocks
4.11.4 HDPE and PVC penstocks
4.12 Surface treatment and painting of steelwork

5 Turbine selection
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Number of turbines
5.3 Particulate erosion
5.4 Kaplan and Francis turbines
5.4.1 Guide vanes
5.4.2 Guide vane actuation
5.4.3 Cavitation
5.4.4 Hydraulic stability and rough running
5.5 Low head turbines
5.5.1 Dimensions of Kaplan turbines
5.5.2 Vertical Kaplan turbines
5.5.3 Bulb turbines
5.5.4 Pit turbines
5.5.5 Matrix turbines
5.5.6 Axial Kaplan turbines
5.5.7 Open flume Kaplan turbines
5.5.8 Very low head turbines
5.5.9 Stoplogs and emergency isolation
5.6 Medium head turbines
5.6.1 Dimensions of Francis turbines
5.6.2 Air admission
5.6.3 Vertical Francis turbines
5.6.4 Horizontal Francis turbines
5.6.5 Twin horizontal Francis turbines
5.6.6 Inlet valves
5.6.7 Relief valves
5.6.8 Bypass valves
5.7 Pelton turbines
5.7.1 Dimensions of Pelton turbines
5.7.2 Pelton turbine arrangement
5.7.3 Pelton turbine runners
5.7.4 Pelton turbine options
5.7.5 Turgo turbines
5.8 Governing systems

6 Generators
6.1 Overspeed
6.2 Synchronous generators
6.2.1 Stators
6.2.2 Corona
6.2.3 Excitation systems
6.2.4 Neutral earthing
6.2.5 Lightning protection
6.2.6 Generator cooling
6.2.7 Overspeed testing
6.2.8 Increasing generator inertia
6.2.9 Bearings
6.2.10 PTFE bearings
6.2.11 Bearing cooling and monitoring
6.2.12 Induction generators

7 Electrical systems
7.1 Single line diagram
7.1.1 Transformers
7.1.2 Station earthing
7.1.3 Transmission
7.2 Control
7.2.1 Control philosophy
7.2.2 Communications
7.2.3 Programmable Logic Controllers
7.2.4 Programming instructions
7.3 Protection and instrumentation
7.4 Synchronising

8 Auxiliary plant
8.1 Auxiliary AC power supplies
8.2 DC power supplies
8.3 Water piping
8.4 Sump pumping

9 Specifications and contracts
9.1 Conditions of contract
9.1.1 General Conditions of Contract
9.2 Specifications for major generating plant
9.2.1 Turbine specifications
9.2.2 Governing systems
9.2.3 Inlet and bypass valves
9.2.4 Generator specifications
9.2.5 Tender schedules
9.2.6 Sample specifications
9.3 Specifications for other mechanical and electrical plant
9.4 Surface preparation and painting
9.4.1 Background
9.4.2 Specification requirements
9.5 Assessment of tenders

10 Powerhouse layout and design

11 Construction and commissioning
11.1 Project construction
11.2 Commissioning

12 Operation
12.1 Generating plant
12.2 Civil works
12.3 Safety and environmental requirements

13 Lessons from failures
13.1 Civil engineering failures
13.1.1 Ruahihi canal collapse
13.1.2 Wheao canal and head-pond breach
13.1.3 Aniwhenua canal leak
13.1.4 Lessons from civil engineering failures
13.2 Generating plant failures
13.2.1 Station in the Pacific, 1990
13.2.2 Mangahao power station
13.2.3 Tuai power station
13.2.4 Duffers power station

14 Appendix 1: Useful spreadsheets and computer programs
14.1 Hydro scheme data and cost estimates
14.2 Intake screen head losses
14.3 Turbine dimensions
14.4 Cost estimates for turbines and generators
14.5 Financial analysis

15 Appendix 2: Financial and economic considerations
15.1 Objectives of financial analysis
15.2 Objectives of economic analysis
15.3 Approach and methodology
15.3.1 Financial evaluation
15.3.2 Levelized Cost of Electricity
15.3.3 Overview of economic cost benefit analysis

16 Appendix 3: Environmental issues with two hydropower schemes
16.1 Aniwhenua
16.2 Onekaka

17 Appendix 4: Making the most of hydro specifications
17.1 Introduction
17.2 The tenderer/contractor – an interesting species
17.3 Specifications
17.3.1 Performance specifications
17.3.2 Performance specification vs prescriptive specification
17.3.3 Getting the “A’’ team
17.3.4 Life cycle cost analysis
17.3.5 Is the specification tough enough?
17.3.6 Interfacing with existing equipment
17.3.7 Warranties
17.3.8 Drawings
17.3.9 Innovation vs conservatism
17.3.10 Contract inspection
17.3.11 Works acceptance vs Site acceptance
17.3.12 Project schedule
17.4 Looking beyond the specification
17.4.1 Educating our masters
17.4.2 Legal advice
17.4.3 Commercial advice and instruction
17.4.4 General Conditions of Contract
17.4.5 Special Conditions of Contract
17.4.6 Instructions to tenderers
17.4.7 Partnering
17.4.8 Tender evaluation
17.5 Conclusion

References
Subject index
Contents of CD

Customer Reviews

Biography

Bryan Leyland trained in New Zealand and then went overseas for nine years. During this time he worked on power projects all over the world. He returned to New Zealand in 1970 to work for Lloyd Mandeno, an outstanding hydropower engineer. In 1974 Bryan set up his own consulting firm and spent most of the next 25 years working on the overall and detailed design and commissioning of 26 small hydropower schemes totaling 250 MW and the refurbishment of 27 schemes in New Zealand and overseas. Ten of the scheme won awards as "engineering projects of outstanding technical significance". On three occasions he was involved in the repair and recommissioning of schemes that had suffered catastrophic failures. This gave him a valuable insight into the need for high quality geotechnical and civil engineering. He has also acted as a consultant to the World Bank and to the Asian Development Bank on hydropower investigations and on dam safety. He has written many papers on hydropower development, power systems and electricity markets. In 2009 he was listed by Waterpower and Dam Construction as one the 60 most influential people in the hydropower industry worldwide.

By: Bryan Leyland(Author)
254 pages, 90 b/w illustrations, 6 tables, includes CD-ROM
Publisher: CRC Press
Media reviews

"The book takes you from start to finish through the evolution of a hydro scheme. From initial site assessment, hydrology, environmental, banking and finance through the many layers of detailed design work to detailed analysis of the many types and configurations of turbine plant and generators available. Small Hydroelectric Engineering Practice is a thoroughly readable and enjoyable book for anyone interested in small hydro. It is an essential book for anyone working with small hydro whether a first time developer or an experienced hydro engineer."
- Dave MacKay, Inchbonnie Hydro, New Zealand

"A book, based on tradition, full of experience and presenting recent developments. Supported by many pictures, sketches and tables it is very comfortable to read and to learn in one run. Several pages dedicated to "learning from failures" and operational recommendations should be highlighted. A "must" in the library of a hydropower engineer!"
- Prof. Dr Bernhard Pelikan, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Vice President of the European Small Hydropower Association

"This is a unique and comprehensive collection of practical engineering advice that should be essential reading for anyone involved in the development of a small to medium sized hydro-electricity resource. It covers all engineering disciplines and is based on a lifetime of involvement in this industry by the author. He should be commended for sharing both ingenious design solutions and the sometimes painful lessons learned, with others who might be fortunate enough to also be involved in harnessing these often overlooked renewable energy resources."
- Ir. W.L. Mandeno, FIPENZ, CPEng, Int.PE. Wellington, NZ

"By systematically explaining the different scheme components, Mr Leyland's book caters to a range of readers and keeps the book highly readable. He explained logically about the important decisions required when developing a scheme and suggests how to avoid repeating past mistakes. This lays the foundation for the subsequent detailed discussions including job specifications, contracts for procurement and installation. The book also includes a CD of eight spreadsheets to assist consultants, engineers, owners and development of small hydro electricity schemes. It reads well using clear, conversational language to explain a complex subject without a lot of jargon. As a fellow hydropower enthusiast, I believe this book is an excellent reference."
- Robert Shelton, MIPENZ

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