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1. Introduction: Speciation and patterns of diversity Roger K. Butlin, Jon R. Bridle and Dolph Schluter; 2. On the arbitrary identification of real species Jody Hey; 3. The evolutionary nature of diversification in sexuals and asexuals Timothy G. Barraclough, Diego Fontaneto, Elisabeth A. Herniou and Claudia Ricci; 4. The poverty of the protists Graham Bell; 5. Theory, community assembly, diversity and evolution in the microbial world Thomas P. Curtis, Nigel C. Wallbridge and William T. Sloan; 6. Patterns of biodiversity and limits to adaptation in time and space Jon R. Bridle, Jitka Polechova and Timothy H. Vines; 7. Dynamic patterns of adaptive radiation: evolution of mating preferences Sergey Gavrilets and Aaron Vose; 8. Niche dimensionality and ecological speciation Patrik Nosil and Luke Harmon; 9. Progressive levels of trait divergence along a `speciation transect' in the Lake Victoria cichlid fish Pundamilia Ole Seehausen; 10. Rapid speciation, hybridization and adaptive radiation in the Heliconius melpomene group James Mallet; 11. Investigating ecological speciation Daniel J. Funk; 12. Biotic interactions and speciation in the tropics Douglas W. Schemske; 13. Ecological influences on the temporal pattern of speciation Albert B. Phillimore and Trevor D. Price; 14. Speciation, extinction, and diversity Robert E. Ricklefs; 15. Temporal patterns in diversification rates Andy Purvis, C. David L. Orme, Nicola H. Toomey and Paul N. Pearson; 16. Speciation and extinction in the fossil record of North American mammals John Alroy.