Environmental Sampling and Analysis for Metals

About this book

Determination of metals is a major part of the work of environmental testing laboratories. EPA and DEP methodology releases provide information only for selected areas of metals sampling and analysis, and their language makes them unsuitable for teaching and training purposes. Environmental Sampling and Analysis for Metals is a comprehensive and easy-to-read text for laboratory technicians and analytical chemists who need a guide for analyzing metals in environmental samples and a reference for analytical and quality control procedures.The book provides both theoretical and practical applications in metals analysis of environmental samples and incorporates the latest in analytical techniques, instrumentation, and regulations. Topics include sample collection, preservation, step-by-step analytical procedures, complete QA/QC requirements, data validation, and more. It also provides an overview of the occurrence, source, and fate of metallic substances in the environment, as well as their control by regulations and standards. Furthermore, the authors provide guidelines to help you prepare and understand reports. The analytical methods presented in Environmental Sampling and Analysis for Metals will be useful to anyone who produces, uses, or evaluates analytical data, and will be a valuable tool in environmental education and training programs.

Contents

Introduction to MetalsIntroduction to ElementsPeriodic Table of ElementsProperties of Metals, Nonmetals, and MetalloidsEarly History of Metal UseSources of Metals and Their CompoundsSources of Metal PollutionDiscussion of the Metallic ElementsRepresentative ElementsTransition MetalsMetalloidsHeavy MetalsMetallic Substances Essential to LifeToxicity of MetalsGeneral Discussion of ToxicityMetal ToxicityToxic Effects of Selected Representative MetalsToxicity of Selected Transition MetalsToxicity of Selected MetalloidsStandards Related to Metallic PollutantsEnvironmental LawDrinking Water StandardsSurface Water StandardsAgriculturally Used WatersIndustrial WatersWaste CharacterizationHazardous Waste CharacterizationAir Pollution and ControlISO 14001 and Environmental LawFundamentals of SpectroscopyEarly History of the Nature of the LightElectromagnetic RadiationContinuous and Line SpectraAbsorption and EmissionBeer's LawAtomic Spectroscopy TechniquesMolecular SpectrophotometryMolecular Absorption and ColorMolecular Absorption SpectrophotometrySingle-Beam and Double-Beam SpectrophotometerType of SpectrophotometersSummary of Molecular SpectrophotometrySpectrophotometer CalibrationPerformance Check of UV/Vis and IR SpectrophotometerMaintenance of the UV/Vis and IR SpectrophotometerAtomic Absorption SpectrometryIntroductionSteps in the Atomic Absorption ProcessAtomic Absorption Spectrophotometer ComponentsSingle- and Double-Beam InstrumentsAtomic Absorption Measurement TermsTechniques in AAS MeasurementsInterference in AAS TechniquesSafety in AAS WorkQuality ControlMaintenance of AA SpectrophotometersAAS Performance ChecksSample Collection and Sample PreparationDirect Aspiration or Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS)PrincipleDirect Air-Acetylene Flame MethodDirect Nitrous Oxide-Acetylene Flame MethodInterferences, Safety and Quality Control Requirements of FAASMaintenance of FAAPerformance Check of FAASGraphite Furnace Atomic Absorption SpectrometryGeneral DiscussionApparatusAnalysis by Graphite Furnace SpectrophotometerInterferences in the Graphite FurnaceStabilized Temperature Platform Furnace (STPF)Quality Control RequirementsMaintenance of Graphite Atomic Absorption SpectrophotometerPerformance Check of Graphite Atomic Absorption SpectrophotometerCold-Vapor Atomic Absorption SpectrometryGeneral DiscussionApparatusProcedureInterferenceQuality Control RequirementsCalculations and ReportingSafetyHydride-Generation Atomic Absorption TechniquePrinciplesApplicationApparatus and MaterialsInterferencesSample Collection, Preservation, and HandlingPreparation of Samples and Standards for Total Arsenic and SeleniumProc

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