The International Elephant and Rhino Research Symposium was held in Vienna from 7 to 11 June 2001 and was organised by Tiergarten Schonbrunn in cooperation with the International Elephant Foundation (IEF) and the International Rhino Foundation (IRF). Approximately 220 specialists from all over the world met in Vienna. Papers discussing the most recent research results were followed by comprehensive workshops to develop working hypotheses and programmes that will help improve the chances of survival of elephants and rhinos. The spectrum extended from field conservation across to nutrition, reproduction, health and behaviour. The proceedings are designed to serve as a reference volume and as a basis for implementing actions.