As part of the IUCN's role as a `knowledge network', Young seeks to identify sources of controversy surrounding genetically modified organisms (GMO). Addressing issues of governance and responsible environmental action arising from GMO's, he finds that these issues are discussed in three contexts: scientific, economic, and cultural/social arenas; yet individuals involved in the debate are focused only on their own area and are rarely aware of the other two. Highlighting the fact that the current debate is not progressing towards a resolution, this report offers a balanced framework for further evaluation.