The neotropical genus Neosprucea (Salicaceae), formerly included in Flacourtiaceae, comprises nine species of trees. Its range extends from Panama to Guyana and to southern Peru. Data on morphology, wood anatomy, pollen, and geographical distribution are presented.
Morphological and molecular analyses were used to assess relationships among the species and of the genus within the family. Neosprucea includes five previously recognized species and four here newly described (N. melastomatoides, N. paterna, N. tenuisepala, and N. wilburiana). The name N. sucumbiensis is considered a synonym of N. grandiflora. The earlier transfer of N. kuhlmannii to the genus Macrothumia is maintained. For each species a full description and range map is provided; all species, except N. sararensis, are illustrated.