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Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory describes practical procedures for the destruction of hazardous chemicals and biological agents in the laboratory in which they are used. The book is a continuation and expansion of Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory. It follows the same general approach as the first and second editions but includes a number of new chapters including one on using advanced oxidation techniques as a general means of degrading chemicals. All the monographs from the second edition are incorporated in Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory and are revised and extended as necessary.
A number of new monographs describing procedures for the destruction of hazardous chemicals have also been added. The destruction of many pharmaceuticals is also described in Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory.This subject has become of increasing importance with recent reports of the detection of pharmaceuticals in the water supply. Finally a new addition is the chapter General Methods for the Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory. This chapter describes recent advanced oxidation methods that should be generally applicable to all organic compounds. The methods use commonly available laboratory equipment and reagents.
PREFACE xi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii
INTRODUCTION 1
SPECIFIC METHODS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS IN THE LABORATORY 17
Acetonitrile 19
Acid Halides and Anhydrides 23
Aflatoxins 29
Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals 37
Alkali Metal Alkoxides 41
Anatoxin-A 43
Aromatic Amines 47
Arsenic 57
Azides 61
Azo and Azoxy Compounds and Tetrazenes 69
Boron Trifluoride and Inorganic Fluorides 77
Botulinum Toxins 81
Brevetoxins 85
Butyllithium 89
Calcium Carbide 93
Carbamic Acid Esters 95
Carbofuran 99
Chloromethylsilanes and Silicon Tetrachloride 101
N-Chlorosuccinimide and Chloramine-T 103
Chlorosulfonic Acid 105
Chromium(VI) 107
Citrinin 113
Complex Metal Hydrides 121
Cyanides and Cyanogen Bromide 129
Cylindrospermopsin 137
Diisopropyl Fluorophosphate 141
Dimethyl Sulfate and Related Compounds 151
Dyes and Biological Stains 163
Ethidium Bromide 201
Haloethers 211
Halogenated Compounds 217
Halogens 229
Heavy Metals 233
Hexamethylphosphoramide 241
Hydrazines 245
Hypochlorites 257
Mercury 261
2-Methylaziridine 267
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) 271
Microcystins 277
4-Nitrobiphenyl 283
3-Nitrofluoranthene and 3-Aminofluoranthene 287
Nitrogen Tetroxide 291
N-Nitroso Compounds: Nitrosamides 293
N-Nitroso Compounds: Nitrosamines 307
Ochratoxin A 319
Organic Nitriles 327
Osmium Tetroxide 331
Palytoxin 335
Patulin 339
Peracids 347
Perchlorates 349
Peroxides and Hydroperoxides 355
Phenol 359
Phosgene 363
Phosphorus and Phosphorus Pentoxide 367
Picric Acid 371
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 375
Polycyclic Heterocyclic Hydrocarbons 387
Potassium Permanganate 405
b-Propiolactone 407
Protease Inhibitors 411
Ricin 417
Saxitoxin 421
Selenium Compounds 425
Sodium Amide 427
Sterigmatocystin 429
Sulfonyl Fluoride Enzyme Inhibitors 437
Sulfur-Containing Compounds 443
T-2 Toxin 449
Tetrodotoxin 455
Triacetone Triperoxide 459
Uranyl Compounds 463
METHODS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF PHARMACEUTICALS IN THE LABORATORY 467
Pharmaceuticals: General Considerations 469
A: Potassium Permanganate 549
B: Sodium Hypochlorite 567
C: Nickel-Aluminum Alloy Reduction 575
D: Fenton’s Reagent 583
E: Photo-Fenton Reaction 587
F: Hydrogen Peroxide 591
G: Hydrogen Peroxide and Horseradish Peroxidase 593
H: Ozone 595
I: Hydroxylamine Degradation of b-Lactams 603
J: Miscellaneous Chemical Degradation Procedures 605
K: Photolytic Degradation Procedures 613
L: Decontamination of Aqueous Solutions 627
NONSPECIFIC METHODS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS IN THE LABORATORY 631
APPENDIXES 655
APPENDIX I: Procedures for Drying Organic Solvents 657
APPENDIX II: Safety Considerations with Potassium Permanganate 661
MOLECULAR FORMULA INDEX 671
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER INDEX 681
CROSS INDEX OF PHARMACEUTICAL NAMES 693
CROSS-INDEX OF NAMES FOR DYES AND BIOLOGICAL STAINS 729
NAME INDEX 757
George Lunn , PhD, has been working as a review chemist for the FDA's Office of New Drug Quality Assessment since 1996. Previously, he was a senior research scientist in the Environmental Control and Research Program at the NCI-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center. He has written nine books and over sixty papers and review articles. Eric B. Sansone , PhD, was the director of the Environmental Control and Research Program at the NCI-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center until his retirement. He has also worked as a consultant in industrial hygiene and air pollution control for a widely diversified group of industries, law firms, universities, and governmental agencies. He has published many articles on the assessment of risk in cancer research.
