Revision der Sektion Salsola S.L. der Gattung Salsola (Chenopodiaceae)

About this book

Language: German

The present monograph of the genus Salsola sect. Salsola s.l. is the first revision of an assemblage of mostly annual species, that has been suspected of being heterogeneous by some authors.

The revision is based on the morphological-anatomical assessment of approximately 6000 herbarium specimens, population studies in natural habitats, and cultivation experiments under various defined salt concentrations. In a general chapter, a historical review is followed by a description of the morphological and anatomical characteristics and a summary of data from the literature on caryology, chemistry, and biology of the species. Special emphasis has been given to fruit morphology and to the anatomy of leaves and. stems resulting in new typologies. Other very useful characters are structure of sepals, disc and stigmas. i The systematic chapter contains a detailed identification key to the taxa, complete lists of synonyms, descriptions, figures of flowers and fruits, references to further figures, data on distribution and ecology, economic importance, and distribution maps. 18 species - two with two subspecies each and one with three subspecies - are categorized into four sections and three subsections: sect. Salsola: S. acutifolia, S. soda; sect. Sogdiana (sect. nov.): S. sogdiana, S. aperta; sect. Androssowia (sect. nov.): S. androssowii; sect. Kali subsect. Griffithia (subsect. nov.): S. griffithii, subsect. Rosaceae (subsect. nov.): S. rosacea, S. tamariscina, subsect. Kali: S. collina, S. monoptera, S. zaidamica, S. tragus, S. tamamschjanae, S. jacquemontii, S. kalt, S. komarovii, S. ikonnikovii, S. paulsenii. S. tragus subsp. grandiflora (subsp. nov.) is described from Australia.

New combinations are S. tragus subsp. pontica and S. paulsenii subsp. praecox. Of the approximately 30 previously accepted species, some are reduced to synonyms for the first time. S. subsect. Kali is an especially rapidly evolving group of closely related taxa. The relationships of the treated sections to taxonomically close sections of the genus Salsola and related genera are discussed. The natural distribution of the species which colonize open saline or xeric habitats ranges from Macaronesia and W-Europe to Japan, and from coastal Scandinavia to the S-Mediterranean, the shore of the Persian Gulf and the Himalayas. Centres of distribution are the semi-deserts and steppes of Middle and Central Asia, mainly the area between 45-120° E and 30-55° N. Some species reached N- and S-America as adventives, where S. tragus has become a most aggressive weed. S. tragus has also established itself in Australia and S-Africa, thanks to its high adaptability to arid climates and to very effective means of dispersal.

Contents

1 Einleitung 1 

2 Material und Methoden 2 

2.1 Herbarmaterial 2 

2.2 Untersuchungen am Standort 5 

2.3 Kulturversuche unter abgestuften Salzkonzentrationen 6 

3 Historischer Überblick 7 

4 Kulturversuche unter abgestuften Salzkonzentrationen 9 

4.1 Einleitung 9 

4.2 Ergebnisse 10 

5 Merkmale und ihre taxonomische Bedeutung 12 

5.1 Morphologische Merkmale 12 

5.1.1 Lebens- und Wuchsform 12 

5.1.2 Wurzelsystem 14 

5.1.3 Achsenstruktur 14 

5.1.4 Indument 15 

5.1.5 Färbung 15 

5.1.6 Blätter, Brakteen und Brakteolen 16 

5.1.7 Infloreszenz 17 

5.1.8 Blüten 18 

5.1.9 Früchte 19 

5.1.10 Merkmale und ihre Progressionen 29 

5.2 Anatomische Merkmale 29 

5.2.1 Anatomie der Sproßachse 29 

5.2.2 Anatomie des Blattes 34 

5.2.3 Anatomische Entwicklungslinien 36 

5.3 Chromosomen 39 

5.4 Inhaltsstoffe und Ionenakkumulation 39 

5.5 Biologie der Arten 41 

5.5.1 Verbreitung und Standorte 41 

5.5.2 Photosyntheseweg 45 

5.5.3 Blütenbiologie 45 

5.5.4 Ausbreitungsbiologie 46 

5.5.5 Keimung und Entwicklung 47 

5.5.6 Krankheiten und Schädlinge 48 

5.5.7 Wirtschaftliche Bedeutung 49 

6 Systematischer Teil 51 

6.1 Kennzeichen und Umfang der Gattung Salsola 51 

6.2 Unterteilung in die Sektionen Salsola, Sogdiana, Androssowia und Kali 52 

6.3 Bestimmungsschlüssel 56 

6.4 Beschreibung der Sektionen und Arten 59 

I. - S. sect. Salsola 59 

6.4.1 S. acutifolia 59 

6.4.2 S. soda 63 

II. - S. sect. Sogdiana 69 

6.4.3 S. sogdiana 70 

6.4.4 S. aparta 73 

6.4.4.1 S. aparta x S. sogdiana 75 

III. - S. sect. Androssowia 77 

6.4.5 S. androssowii 78 

IV. - S. sect. Kali 81 

IV.I - S. subsect. Griffithia 82 

6.4.6 S. griffithii 83 

IV.II - S. subsect. Rosaceae 85 

6.4.7 S. rosacea 85 

6.4.8 S. tamariscina 89 

IV.III - S. subsect. Kali 94 

6.4.9 S. collina 94 

6.4.10 S. monoptera 103 

6.4.11 S. zaidamica 106 

6.4.12.1 S. kali s.l. - Variabilität und 200 Jahre Verwirrung 107 

6.4.12.2 S. tragus 111 

6.4.13 S. tamamschjanae 136 

6.4.14 S. jacquemontii 139 

6.4.15 S. kali 141 

6.4.16 S. komarovii 148 

6.4.17 S. ikonnikovii 152 

6.4.18 S. paulsenii 155 

6.4.18.1 S. panlsenii x S. tragus 164 

6.5 Zusammenfassende Behandlung der adventiven Verbreitung von Arten 
in Amerika, Südafrika und Australien 165 

6.6 Auszuschließende Arten 169 

6.7 Abgrenzung verwandter Sippen 169 

7 Zusammenfassung 172 

8 Danksagung 173 

9 Literaturverzeichnis 174 

10 Index der wissenschaftlichen Namen 187 

11 Verzeichnis der neuen Namen 190

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