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Dendrobium, with approximately 1 450 species, is one of the most diverse genera in the orchid family and the second biggest orchid genus in Southeast Asia after Bulbophyllum. Its natural range extends from Japan south across the Pacific to Tahiti and New Zealand, and from China and India to New Guinea and Australia. Centres of speciation are found in the Himalayan region, Indochina, the Malay Archipelago (especially Sumatra and Borneo), the Philippines and New Guinea. Dendrobiums have been popular with growers since the mid nineteenth century. They continue to be popular today and many beautiful hybrids have been bred.
Borneo is one of several 'hot spots' of Dendrobium speciation. With 167 named species in fifteen sections, as well as several others that remain to be described, Borneo is the second most important location after New Guinea of Dendrobium speciation in Malesia. Most species occur as epiphytes in hill and lower montane forest at moderate elevation, mostly between about 900 and 1 600 m.
Foreword … ix
Preface … xi
Introduction … 1
Taxonomic History of Dendrobium … 7
Morphology of the Dendrobium Plant … 9
Habit … 9
Root … 13
Shoot … 13
Shoot development in sections Aporum and Crumenata … 14
Stem … 15
Leaf … 16
Inflorescence ... 19
Floral structure … 22
Ovary … 23
Sepals … 23
Mentum … 23
Spur formation … 28
Petals … 28
Lip … 29
Column … 50
Rostellum … 51
Viscarium … 51
Scraper … 51
Stigma … 51
Anther-cap … 52
Pollinia … 52
Seed capsule … 52
Resupination … 52
Pollination … 53
Bee pollination … 53
Honeybees … 54
Stingless bees … 54
Miner bees … 56
Carpenter bees … 56
Wasps … 56
Hawk moths … 56
Bird pollinators … 57
Sunbirds … 58
Gregarious Flowering … 59
The Origin of the Dendrobiums … 61
Plate tectonics and the bimodal theory for the evolution of the tribe Dendrobieae … 61
The Dendrobiums of Malesia … 67
Species widespread in Malesia … 70
The Dendrobiums of Borneo … 71
The Dendrobiums of Borneo compared with those of the Philippines, New Guinea and New Caledonia … 72
Molecular Phylogenetics … 75
Why construct phylogenies? … 77
Anomalies and questions … 78
To split or not to split? … 79
Molecular phylogenetics in action: the
revised status of Dendrobium section
Oxystophyllum … 80
Sectional concepts used in this account … 84
Homoplasy in Tribe Dendrobieae … 85
Ethnobotany of Bornean Dendrobium … 87
The Importance of Cultivated Living Collections … 89
The Hortus Botanicus, Leiden and its collection of Bornean Dendrobiums … 89
Living collections of Dendrobium in Borneo … 92
Living collections in Sabah … 92
Kinabalu Park … 92
Kipandi Butterfly Park … 93
Mount Alab Forest Trails … 94
Poring Orchid Conservation Centre … 94
Sabah Agricultural Park, Lagud Sebrang, Tenom … 95
Rainforest Discovery Centre, Sepilok … 96
Tawau Hills Botanical Garden … 97
Living collections in Sarawak … 97
Kuching North City Hall Orchid Park … 97
Orchidwoods Nursery and Garden … 97
Padawan Pitcher Plant and Wild Orchid
Garden … 98
Semengoh and René George Memorial Garden … 98
Artificial Key to the Genera of Tribe Dendrobieae in Borneo … 99
Segregate Satellite Genera in Borneo … 100
Cadetia … 100
Diplocaulobium … 104
Epigeneium … 107
Flickingeria … 112
The Climate and Vegetation of Borneo… 117
Dendrobium Habitats in Borneo … 119
Mangrove … 119
Strand and coastal forest and rocks … 119
Peat swamp forest … 119
Tropical heath/kerangas forest … 121
Mixed dipterocarp forest … 123
Riverine forest (riparian and freshwater swamp forest) … 125
Montane forests … 125
Lower montane forest … 126
Local variations within lower montane forest: oak/conifer forest and casuarina/conifer forest … 130
Oak/conifer forest … 130
Casuarina/conifer forest … 130
Upper montane forest … 131
Tropical subalpine vegetation … 132
Limestone forest … 132
Forests on ultramafic substrate … 134
Man-made habitats … 136
Roadside cuttings … 136
Secondary forest (Belukar) … 136
Coffee and rubber plantations … 136
Urban parkland and street trees … 137
Artificial key to the sections of Dendrobium in Borneo … 138
Sections and Species of Dendrobium in Borneo … 140
Enumeration of Species … 143
Dendrobium Sw. … 143
Section 1. Amblyanthus Schltr. … 144
1. Dendrobium microglaphys … 145
Section 2. Aporum Blume … 151
Artificial key to the species of section Aporum … 154
2. Dendrobium acerosum … 158
3. Dendrobium aloifolium … 162
4. Dendrobium babiense … 166
5. Dendrobium barioense … 170
6. Dendrobium crucilabre … 174
7. Dendrobium flexile … 176
8. Dendrobium grande … 181
9. Dendrobium indivisum … 186
9a. var. indivisum … 187
9b. var. fuscum ... 190
9c. var. pallidum … 193
10. Dendrobium kentrophyllum … 194
11. Dendrobium kiauense … 198
12. Dendrobium korthalsii … 202
13. Dendrobium leonis … 205
14. Dendrobium lobatum … 209
15. Dendrobium lobulatum … 213
16. Dendrobium lohanense … 215
17. Dendrobium longiramense … 218
18. Dendrobium montis-hosei … 220
19. Dendrobium paitanense ... 222
20. Dendrobium patentilobum … 224
21. Dendrobium platyphyllum … 227
22. Dendrobium pleasancium … 229
23. Dendrobium prostratum … 233
24. Dendrobium pseudoaloifolium … 240
25. Dendrobium quadrilobatum … 244
26. Dendrobium reflexitepalum … 247
27. Dendrobium rhodostele … 250
28. Dendrobium rosellum … 254
29. Dendrobium sabahense … 259
30. Dendrobium sambasanum … 262
31. Dendrobium singaporense … 264
32. Dendrobium subulatoides … 269
33. Dendrobium subulatum … 269
34. Dendrobium tetralobum … 273
35. Dendrobium uncatum … 274
36. Dendrobium xanthoacron … 277
37. Dendrobium xiphophyllum … 282
Insufficiently Known Taxa … 282
Putative Natural Hybrid … 285
Section 3. Bolbodium Lindl. … 287
Artificial key to the species of section Bolbodium … 287
38. Dendrobium pachyphyllum … 288
39. Dendrobium pseudostriatellum … 292
40. Dendrobium sp. cf. ustulatum … 296
Section 4. Calcarifera J.J. Sm. … 298
Artificial key to the species of section Calcarifera … 301
41. Dendrobium anthrene … 305
42. Dendrobium calcariferum … 309
43. Dendrobium chewiorum … 318
44. Dendrobium corallorhizon … 321
45. Dendrobium corydaliflorum … 325
46. Dendrobium crabro … 328
47. Dendrobium cymbicallum … 332
48. Dendrobium cymboglossum … 334
49. Dendrobium derryi … 337
50. Dendrobium dianae … 346
Flower colour in five different plants … 349
51. Dendrobium doloissumbinii … 352
52. Dendrobium endertii … 355
53. Dendrobium flos-wanua … 364
54. Dendrobium hamaticalcar … 367
55. Dendrobium kelamense … 372
56. Dendrobium lampongense … 374
57. Dendrobium muluense … 378
58. Dendrobium nieuwenhuisii … 381
59. Dendrobium nudum … 383
60. Dendrobium paathii … 386
61. Dendrobium panduriferum … 390
62. Dendrobium pictum … 394
63. Dendrobium punbatuense … 400
64. Dendrobium sanguinolentum … 402
65. Dendrobium sarawakense … 408
66. Dendrobium serena-alexianum … 41
67. Dendrobium spathilingue … 418
68. Dendrobium tanjiewhoei … 420
69. Dendrobium yongii … 422
Insufficiently Known Taxa … 424
Doubtfully Occurring Taxa … 427
Section 5. Calyptrochilus Schltr. … 428
70. Dendrobium erosum … 431
Section 6. Conostalix Kraenzl. … 434
Aberrant species of section Conostal … 435
Artificial key to the species of section Conostalix … 435
71. Dendrobium attenuatum … 437
72. Dendrobium bakoense … 439
73. Dendrobium beamaniorum … 441
74. Dendrobium deflexilobum … 444
75. Dendrobium gramineum … 447
76. Dendrobium hirsutifolium … 452
77. Dendrobium jamirusii … 455
78. Dendrobium lobbii … 458
79. Dendrobium metachilinum … 463
80. Dendrobium pinifolium … 467
81. Dendrobium spathipetalum … 471
82. Dendrobium tomaniense … 474
83. Dendrobium trullatum … 477
A Problematic Taxon … 479
Section 7. Crumenata Pfitzer … 480
Artificial key to the species of section Crumenata … 482
84. Dendrobium aciculare … 486
85. Dendrobium alabense … 489
86. Dendrobium aurantiflammeum … 492
87. Dendrobium blumei … 496
88. Dendrobium cinnabarinum … 500
88a. var. cinnabarinum … 501
88b. var. angustitepalum … 505
89. Dendrobium crumenatum … 508
90. Dendrobium cymbulipes … 516
91. Dendrobium devogelii … 520
92. Dendrobium gracile … 522
93. Dendrobium grootingsii … 525
94. Dendrobium gynoglottis … 527
95. Dendrobium hendersonii … 527
96. Dendrobium heokhuii … 533
97. Dendrobium imitator … 537
98. Dendrobium incurvociliatum … 537
99. Dendrobium kurashigei … 541
100. Dendrobium lamelluliferum … 546
101. Dendrobium lancilobum … 549
101a. var. lancilobum … 549
101b. var. roseocalcar … 552
102. Dendrobium lawiense … 555
103. Dendrobium limii … 558
104. Dendrobium lumakuense … 560
105. Dendrobium minimum … 562
106. Dendrobium mucrovaginatum … 565
107. Dendrobium planibulbe … 567
108. Dendrobium pseudoclavator … 571
109. Dendrobium pseudokurashigei … 573
110. Dendrobium puberulilingue … 575
111. Dendrobium setifolium … 577
112. Dendrobium singulare … 582
113. Dendrobium strongyloflorum … 587
114. Dendrobium tawauense … 589
115. Dendrobium tenue … 592
116. Dendrobium tricuspe … 595
117. Dendrobium tridentatum … 601
118. Dendrobium truncatum … 604
An Insufficiently Known Taxon … 606
Section 8. Dendrobium … 607
The Former Section Breviflores ... 610
Artificial key to the species of section Dendrobium … 611
119. Dendrobium anosmum … 611
120. Dendrobium heterocarpum … 618
121. Dendrobium linguella … 622
122. Dendrobium macrostachyum … 625
123. Dendrobium pogoniates … 629
124. Dendrobium stuposum … 631
125. Dendrobium tetrachromum … 636
Section 9. Distichophyllae Hook. f. … 640
Artificial key to the species of section Distichophyllae … 642
126. Dendrobium baoernianum … 645
The Dendrobium ‘bifarium’/D. connatum complex … 649
127. Dendrobium connatum … 650
127a. var. connatum … 651
127b. var. distachyon … 663
128. Dendrobium daimandauii … 668
129. Dendrobium hepaticum … 671
130. Dendrobium hosei … 675
131. Dendrobium kenepaiense … 679
132. Dendrobium lambii … 685
133. Dendrobium lamrianum … 689
134. Dendrobium lohokii … 692
135. Dendrobium maraiparaiense … 696
136. Dendrobium meiernianum … 699
137. Dendrobium moquetteanum … 702
138. Dendrobium nabawanense … 705
139. Dendrobium olivaceum … 710
140. Dendrobium pachyanthum … 713
141. Dendrobium pandaneti … 717
142. Dendrobium piranha … 720
143. Dendrobium sandsii … 723
144. Dendrobium uniflorum … 726
Insufficiently Known Taxa … 733
Section 10. Formosae (Benth. & Hook. f.) Hook. f. … 737
Artificial key to the species of section Formosae … 739
145. Dendrobium bostrychodes … 741
146. Dendrobium dearei … 746
147. Dendrobium erythropogon … 750
148. Dendrobium lowii … 753
149. Dendrobium ovipostoriferum … 760
150. Dendrobium parthenium … 764
151. Dendrobium radians … 768
152. Dendrobium sculptum … 772
153. Dendrobium singkawangense … 776
154. Dendrobium sinsuronense … 781
154. Dendrobium spectatissimum … 784
156. Dendrobium toppiorum subsp. toppiorum … 788
Section 11. Fugacia J.J. Sm. … 791
157. Dendrobium spurium … 793
Section 12. Grastidium Blume … 796
Artificial key to the species of section Grastidium … 799
158. Dendrobium acuminatissimum … 800
159. Dendrobium indragiriense … 803
160. Dendrobium pensile … 807
161. Dendrobium salaccense … 811
162. Dendrobium torquisepalum … 815
Section 13. Latouria Miq. … 816
163. Dendrobium macrophyllum var. ternatense … 818
Section 14. Pedilonum Blume … 823
164. Dendrobium secundum … 825
Section 15. Platycaulon Schltr. … 834
Artificial key to species of section Platycaulon … 835
The Dendrobium lamellatum sensu lato/D. compressum complex … 836
165. Dendrobium compressum … 838
166. Dendrobium platycaulon ... 845
167. Dendrobium pseudolamellatum … 849
Appendices … 853
Excluded taxa erroneously recorded from Borneo … 853
Excluded taxa … 854
Taxa requiring further research … 855
Index to numbered collections … 856
Bornean Dendrobium accessions at the Hortus Botanicus, Leiden, The Netherlands … 871
Fully determined species … 871
Partly determined species … 878
Species determined to section only … 879
Undetermined species … 880
Glossary of Scientific Terms and Abbreviations … 881
Suffixes … 881
Prefixes … 881
Main Glossary … 882
Commonly used Malay and Local Geographical Terms … 910
Literature Cited … 910
Acknowledgements … 921
Index to Orchid Scientific Names … 922
Index to Non-orchid Scientific Names … 939
General Index … 942
