Late Miocene Suidae from Eurasia The Hippopotamodon and Microstonyx Problem Revisited

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Language: English

The nomenclature of Late Miocene suines of Eurasia has been the subject of active debate since 1926, when Pilgrim erected the genera Microstonyx and Dicoryphochoerus. The discovery of additional fossil material at three localities in Spain, Batallones (MN 10) La Roma II (MN 10) and Corral de Lobato (basal MN 13: Ventian) provides fuel for the debate, which supports the interpretation that the two genera are synonyms, and that both names are junior synonyms of Hippopotamodon Lydekker, 1877. The fossils from Batallones, La Roma II and Corral de Lobato are described and interpreted within a wide-ranging revision of the Late Miocene suines of Eurasia. It is increasingly obvious that Late Miocene suines from Indo-Myanmar and China share many morphometric features with suines from Europe, and that a comparable suite of species occurred in the two regions indicating frequent dispersal or even semi-permanent contact between the two areas. Thus, it is no longer valid or realistic to keep using distinct species names for Indo-Myanmar and Chinese fossils which are morphometrically similar to taxa from Europe. The presence of frequent synonymy in current literature obscures the biogeographic relationships of the two regions and renders biostratigraphy difficult.

Contents

Introduction   9
Materials and methods   10
Problems due to parochial studies of fossil suids and incomplete samples   10
Morphometric variation is suids   10
Homonymy, Synonymy, Lumping and Splitting   12
Remarks on the validity of Microstonyx   13
Are Hippopotamodon major and Hippopotamodon erymanthius different species?   14
Nomenclatorial history of the genera Hippopotamodon and Microstonyx   14
   The status of Hippopotamodon and Microstonyx   15
   Hippopotamodon antiquus or Hippopotamodon major?   16
   Is Eumaiochoerus a synonym of Hippopotamodon?   17
   The problem of “Sus” choeroides   17
   Is Sus hyotherioides a Propotamochoerus or a Hippopotamodon?   17
   Summary of the taxonomic history of Hippopotamodon   17
Distribution of Fossil Suidae   19
Biostratigraphy and Biochronology of Late Miocene to Recent Suidae   20
Systematic arrangement of taxa   22
   Hippopotamodon Group A   23
   Hippopotamodon antiquus (Kaup, 1833)   23
   Hippopotamodon major (Gervais, 1850)   23
   Hippopotamodon pilgrimi (Pickford, 1988)   23
   Hippopotamodon ultimus (Han, 1987)   23
   Hippopotamodon etruscus (Michelotti, 1861)   23
   Hippopotamodon Group B   23
Note on dimensions of the Pikermi suids   24
New material of Hippopotamodon from Spain   25
   Batallones 10, Spain (MN 10)   27
   Corral de Lobato (MN 13 basal = Ventian)   41
Reassessment of Hippopotamodon specimens from Europe and Asia   43
   Montredon   43
   Châlon   46
   Tersanne   46
   Dionay   49
   St Jean de Bournay, Charponnay   49
   Vareille Amberieu en Bugay   49
   Villette Serpaize, France   49
   Alissas près Privas, France   49
   St Bauzile, France   51
   Doué-la-Fontaine, France   51
   Soblay, France   52
   Montrigaud, France   53
   Red Crag, England   53
   Casteani, Italy   55
   Piera, Spain   55
   Puente Minero, Spain   59
   Concud, Spain   59
   Cerro de la Garita, Spain   59
   La Roma 2, Spain   59
   Las Pedrizas, Spain   60
   La Cantera, Spain   60
   Terrassa, Spain   62
   Cerdagne, Spain   62
   Crevillente 15 and Crevillente 2, Spain   62
   Dinotheriensande, Germany   62
   Melchingen, Germany   65
   Salmendingen, Germany   66
   Gols, Austria   68
   Strätzing, Austria   68
   Kohfidisch, Austria   72
   Prottes, Austria   74
   Polgardi, Hungary   74
   Baltavar, Hungary   76
   Kis Bossan, Hungary   76
   Cimislia, Romania   78
   Raspopeni, Moldova   78
   Taraklia, Moldova  80
   Berislav, Ukraine   80
   Grebeniki, Ukraine   80
   Grossulovo, Ukraine   80
   Nova Emetovka, Ukraine   80
   Kalimantsi, Bulgaria   80
   Strumyani, Bulgaria   80
   Ezerovo, Bulgaria   80
   Dytiko, Greece   81
   Nikiti, Greece   81
   Petrelik, Greece   81
   Perivolaki, Greece   81
   Vathylakkos, Greece   81
   Salonique (Vatiluk) Greece   81
   Prochoma, Greece   81
   Sophades, Greece   81
   Samos, Greece   81
   Petras, Crete   81
   Akkasdagi, Turkey   82
   Karain, Turkey   82
   Sinap, Turkey   82
   Sivas, Turkey   83
   Gökdere, Turkey   83
   Çoban Pinar, Turkey   83
   Kavakdere, Turkey   83
   Kuçukçekmece, Turkey   84
   Yassiören, Turkey   84
   Yulafli, Turkey   86
   Bazaleti, Georgia   86
   Dzedzvtachevi, Georgia   87
   Udabno, Georgia   87
   Maragheh, Iran   87
   Eldari, Azerbaijan   88
   Siwaliks, Indo-Pakistan   88
   Lehri, Pakistan   88
   Dhok Gaal, Pakistan   88
   Dhok Pathan, Pakistan   89
   Khorat, Myanmar   90
   Magway, Myanmar   91
   Myanmar, unknown localities possibly in the Magway area   91
   Sop Mae Tham, Myanmar   91
   Chiang Muan, Thailand   94
   Locality 114, China   94
   Locality 49, China   94
   Xiaolongtan (Kaiyuan), China   94
   Szechuan, China   94
   Binxian, China   94
   Chinhsien, China   94
   Lufeng, China   94
   Youanmou, China   94
   Lantian (Jiu Lao Po), China   94
   Hezheng, China   94
   Yangjiawan, Hanzhong, China   94
   Liucheng, Guangxi, China   94
   Chongzuo, China   94
   Tahsin, China   96
   Sanhe Cave, Guangxi, China   96
   Baeryan, Bijie, China   96
Hippopotamodon (= Dicoryphochoerus) spurii   96
Discussion   97
Reluctant Phylogeneticists   97
Phylogenetic scenarios   97
   Gaudry, 1862   98
   Stehlin, 1899-1900   98
   Pilgrim, 1926   98
   Thenius, 1950   101
   Hünermann, 1968   101
   Thenius, 1970, 1972   102
   Schmidt-Kittler, 1971   107
   Pickford, 1988   107
   Van der Made & Moyà Solà, 1989   107
   Liu Liping, 2003   107
   Orliac et al., 2010   108
Phylogeny of Hippopotamodon resulting from this study   109
Acknowledgements   110
References   110
Annex 1   115
Annex 2   121
Annex 3 123

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