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Perhaps the most pressing scientific challenge before us concerns our understanding of the Earth and environmental change, which is occurring at a dramatic rate. Humanity can expect serious difficulties on the road ahead as a result, even to the point of threatening civilized progress itself. There is thus an urgent need to understand the state of the planet, to anticipate the effects and consequences of environmental change, and if necessary take preventive action.
Our understanding of change and its consequences can only advance, however, if we understand the Earth system well. Geophysics (sensu lato), one of the critical disciplines in the emerging interdisciplinary Earth System Science, forms the basis of the present book – which moves from the deepest parts of the Earth to surface environments, to a final discussion on the interface between science and society. While depicting the frontiers in each of their fields and focusing on present challenges, our contributing authors have also written for wide readership, specialists and non-specialists alike.
Preface
Steve Sparks and Chris Hawkesworth vii
Foreword
Masaru Kono ix
The Earth's Core: An Approach From First Principles
G. David Price, D. Alfe, L. Votedlo, and M.J. Gil Ian 1
Modeling the Earth's Dynamo
Gary A. Glatzmaier, Darcy E. Ogden, and Thomas L. Clune 13
Core-Mantle Boundary Structures and Processes
Thorne Lay and Edward J. Garnero 25
Seismological Insights Into Heterogeneity Patterns in the Mantle
B. L. N. Kennett 43
Geophysical and Geochemical Models of Mantle Convection: Successes and Future Challenges
Yanick Ricard and Nicolas Coltice 59
Melting of Fertile Peridotite With Variable Amounts of H20
Bernard J. Wood 69
Geophysical Constraints on Slab Subduction and Arc Magmatism
Akira Hasegawa andJunichi Nakajima 81
Evolution of Arc Magmas and Their Volatiles
Richard J. Arculus 95
Volatile Controls on Magma Ascent and Eruption
Katharine V. Cashman 109
Climatic Impact of Volcanic Emissions
Alan Robock 125
High-Resolution Gravity Mapping: the Next Generation Sensors
Christopher Jekeli 135
Satellite Magmetic Field Measurements: Applications in Studying the Deep Earth
Catherine G. Constable and Steven C. Constable 147
Global Navigation Satellite Sounding of the Atmosphere and GNSS Altimetry:Prospects for Geosciences
T. P. Yunck and G. A. Hajj 161
Dense GPS Array as a New Sensor of Seasonal Changes of Surface Loads
Kosuke Heki 177
Remote Sensing of Terrestrial Water Storage, Soil Moisture and Surface Waters
James S. Famiglietti 197
High-Resolution Measurement of Ocean Surface Topography by Radar Interferometry for Oceanographic and Geophysical Applications
Lee-Leung Fu and Ernesto Rodriguez 209
The Global Water Cycle
Taikan Oki, Dara Entekhabi, and Timothy Ives Harrold 225
Cryosphere During the Twentieth Century
Atsumu Ohmura 239
Climate Prediction: The Limits of Ocean Models
Peter H. Stone 259
Biosphere Dynamics: Challenges for Earth System Models
I. Colin Prentice, Corinne Le Quere, Erik T. Buitenhuis, Joanna I. House, Christine Klass, and Wolfgang Knorr 269
The UVic Earth System Climate Model and the Thermohaline Circulation in Past, Present, and Future Climates
Andrew J. Weaver 279
Complexities in the Climate System and Uncertainties in Forecasts
Ronald G. Prinn 297
Modeling Human-Climate Interaction
Henry D. Jacoby 307
Uncertainty and Predictability in Geophysics: Chaos and Multifractal Insights
Daniel Schertzer and Shaun Lovejoy 317
Earthquake Prediction and Forecasting
David D. Jackson 335
Earthquake Prediction, Seismic Hazard, and Vulnerability
Seiya Uyeda and Kimiro Meguro 349
Volcanic Activity: Frontiers and Challenges in Forecasting, Prediction and Risk Assessment
R. S. J. Sparks and W. P. Aspinall 359
Geophysical Risk, Vulnerability, and Sustainability
Tom Beer 375
People Induced Geophysical Risks and Urban Sustainability
Ian Douglas 387
Urban Climate, Weather and Sustainability
Gerald Mills 399
