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Trading Environments examines dynamic interactions between the calculative and speculative practices of commerce and the fruitfulness, variability, materiality, liveliness and risks of nature. It does so in diverse environments caught up in new trading relationships forged on and through frontiers for agriculture, forestry, mining and fishing. Historical resource frontiers are understood in terms of commercial knowledge systems organized as projects to transform landscapes and environments. Trading Environments asks: how were environments traded, and with what environmental and landscape consequences? How have environments been engineered, standardized and transformed within past trading systems? What have been the successes and failures of economic knowledge in dealing with resource production in complex environments? It considers cases from northern Europe, North and South America, Central Africa and New Zealand in the period between 1750 and 1990, and the contributors reflect on the effects of transnational commodity chains, competing economic knowledge systems, environmental ignorance and learning, and resource exploitation. In each case they identify tensions, blind spots, and environmental learning that plagued commercial projects on frontiers.
Introduction: Trading Environments
1. Commercial Knowledge and Environmental Transformation on and Through Frontiers Gordon M. Winder and Andreas Dix
2. Consumption History and Changing Environments Andreas Dix Frontier Environments
3. New Frontiers and Natural Resources in Southern South America, c. 1820-1870: Examples from Northwest European Mercantile Enterprise Stephen Bell
4. Opening Up Untouched Woodlands: Forestry Experts Reflecting on and Driving the Timber Frontier in Northern Europe, 1880-1914 Christian Lotz Valuing Environments
5. Problems with Nature in the Trading Environments of the McCormick Reaper, 1850-1902 Gordon M. Winder
6. Valuing Wetlands and Peatlands: Mires in the Natural Resource and Land Use Policies in the Nordic Countries from the Late 18th Century to the Present Day Esa Ruuskanen
7. Lands for Settlement, Forests and Scenic Reserves: Nature and Value in New Zealand, 1890s to 1920s Michael Roche
8. Reimagining the Tropical Beef Frontier and the Nation in Early Twentieth-Century Colombia Shawn Van Ausdal Competing Modernist Logics
9. Industrializing Forests and Naturalizing Industrialization: Forests, Pulp Wood and Environmental Transformations, 1860-1930 Mathias Mutz
10. Trading Degradation for Conservation: Revaluing Rural Landscapes in the American South Craig E. Colten
11. Japan, Iceland and the Destruction of the American Fishing Industry Carmel Finley Environmental Trading
12. Frontier Exchanges: Commercial Calculation and Environmental Transformation Gordon M. Winder and Andreas Dix
Gordon M. Winder is Professor of Economic Geography and an Affiliated Professor at the Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society, LMU-Munich. Andreas Dix is Professor for Historical Geography, Institute of Geography, Otto-Friedrich-Universitat Bamberg.
