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Land Restoration: Reclaiming Landscapes for a Sustainable Future provides a holistic overview of land degradation and restoration in that it addresses the issue of land restoration from the scientific and practical development points of view. Furthermore, the breadth of chapter topics and contributors cover the topic and a wealth of connected issues, such as security, development, and environmental issues. The use of graphics and extensive references to case studies also make the work accessible and encourage it to be used for reference, but also in active field-work planning.
Land Restoration: Reclaiming Landscapes for a Sustainable Future brings together practitioners from NGOs, academia, governments, and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) to exchange lessons to enrich the academic understanding of these issues and the solution sets available.
Dedication
Acknowledgments
Foreword
Governing Land Restoration: Four Hypotheses
Introduction
Part 1: Social Contexts of Land Restoration
Chapter 1.1: Land Degradation as a Security Threat Amplifier: The New Global Frontline
Abstract
1.1.1 Introduction
1.1.2 The Human Security Lens
1.1.3 Land Degradation Can Make Things Worse
1.1.4 Global Threats to Human Security
1.1.5 Sustainable Land Management and Restoration
1.1.6 Land Degradation Neutrality
1.1.7 Conclusions
Chapter 1.2: Land Degradation and Its Impact on Security
Abstract:
1.2.1 Introduction
1.2.2 The Recognition of Land Degradation and Climate Change as Security Influences
1.2.3 Conflict Constellations
1.2.4 Conflict Pathways
1.2.5 Hot Spots
1.2.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
Chapter 1.3: (Em)powering People: Reconciling Energy Security and Land-Use Management in the Sudano-Sahelian Region
Abstract
1.3.1 Introduction
1.3.2 Paradigm Shifts: Energy Security and Land Degradation
1.3.3 Current Patterns of Energy Production and Consumption and the Links Between Energy Security and Land Degradation
1.3.4 Vulnerabilities, risks, and resilience of energy systems from a long term perspective
1.3.5 Case Studies
1.3.6 Policy Options for Mitigating Land Degradation and Improving Energy Security
1.3.7 Conclusions and Recommendations
Appendix Development Indicators
Chapter 1.4: Enabling Governance for Sustainable Land Management
Abstract
1.4.1 Introduction
1.4.2 Land Degradation and Conflict
1.4.3 Governance: A Common Denominator
1.4.4 Overall Lessons for Improved Governance and Conflict Management
1.4.5 Conclusion
Part 2: Concepts and Methodologies for Restoration and Maintenance
Chapter 2.1: Tenets of Soil and Landscape Restoration
Abstract
2.1.1 Introduction
2.1.2 Soil Erosion and Organic Carbon Dynamics
2.1.3 Strategies of Soil and Landscape Restoration
2.1.4 Implementation of Ecological Restoration
2.1.5 Establishing Vegetation Cover
2.1.6 Water Management
2.1.7 Landscape Restoration and Ecosystem Services
2.1.8 Conclusions
Chapter 2.2: Stabilization of Sand Dunes: Do Ecology and Public Perception Go Hand in Hand?
Abstract
2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 Study Site
2.2.3 Methods
2.2.4 Results
2.2.5 Discussion
2.2.6 Summary and Conclusions
Chapter 2.3: Trust Building and Mobile Pastoralism in Africa
Abstract
2.3.1 Background: Mobile Pastoralism and Grasslands
2.3.2 A Context of Mistrust
2.3.3 Failed Interventions and an Inadequate Theoretical Framework
2.3.4 Darfur, Sudan—A Need for Good Governance
2.3.5 Kaduna State, Nigeria: Ethnoreligious Conflict and Socioeconomic Inclusivity
2.3.6 Baringo County, Kenya: An Example of Good Practice
2.3.7 Trust Building Successes
Chapter 2.4: Land Degradation From Military Toxics: Public Health Considerations and Possible Solution Paths
Abstract
Acknowledgments
2.4.1 Military Activities
2.4.2 Chemical Weapons
2.4.3 Nuclear Contamination
2.4.4 Depleted Uranium
2.4.5 Case Study: Landmines and Other Remnants of War
2.4.6 Case Study: Land Contamination at Shooting Ranges
2.4.7 Case Study: Land Contamination in Kuwait After the 1990–1991 Iraqi Invasion
2.4.8 Soil Remediation
Chapter 2.5: Flood and Drought Prevention and Disaster Mitigation: Combating Land Degradation with an Integrated Natural Systems Strategy
Abstract
2.5.1 Introduction
2.5.2 Soil Erosion: Causes and Consequences
2.5.3 Restoring Landscape Function Through Soil Formation and Water Harvesting
2.5.4 Project Implementation
Chapter 2.6: Environmental Security, Land Restoration, and the Military: A Case Study of the Ecological Task Forces in India
Abstract
2.6.1 Introduction
2.6.2 Land Degradation as Part of the Environmental Security Spectrum
2.6.3 Military Dimensions of Environmental Security: Indian and Global Perspectives
2.6.4 The Role of the Military in Land Restoration in India
2.6.5 Bhatti Mines in the Capital: A Case Study
2.6.6 Conclusion
Chapter 2.7: Releasing the Underground Forest: Case Studies and Preconditions for Human Movements that Restore Land with the Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) Method
Abstract
2.7.1 Introduction
2.7.2 FMNR: Birth and Spread of a Movement, Niger Republic
2.7.3 Adoption and Rapid Spread of FMNR, Ethiopia
2.7.4 FMNR in Ghana: from Despair to “Life and Joy”
2.7.5 FMNR in Senegal: Appreciating the Environment
2.7.6 Benefits of FMNR
2.7.7 Preconditions for the Scale-up of FMNR
2.7.8 From the Grassroots to a Global Movement
2.7.9 Conclusions
Part 3: Soil, Water, and Energy—the Relationship to Land Restoration
Chapter 3.1: Computational Policy Support Systems for Understanding Land Degradation Effects on Water and Food Security for and from Africa
Abstract
3.1.1 Land Degradation Policy Support
3.1.2 Information Needs for Land Restoration
3.1.3 Restoring Africa
3.1.4 Conclusions
Chapter 3.2: The Value of Land Restoration as a Response to Climate Change
Abstract
3.2.1 Ecosystems and Climate Change
3.2.2 Restoring Terrestrial Carbon Stocks
3.2.3 The Restoration Opportunity in Context
3.2.4 The Importance of Soil Carbon
3.2.5 Land and Climate Change Adaptation
3.2.6 Meeting the Rising Demands on Land
3.2.7 Conclusion
Part 4: Economics, Policy, and Governance of Land Restoration
Chapter 4.1: The Importance of Land Restoration for Achieving a Land Degradation–Neutral World
Abstract
4.1.1 Introduction
4.1.2 Definition and Accounting of Land Degradation Neutrality
4.1.3 Land Restoration
4.1.4 Conclusions
Chapter 4.2: Transforming Land Conflicts into Sustainable Development: The Case of the Taita Taveta of Kenya
Abstract
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 Conclusion
Chapter 4.3: Case Study: Taranaki Farm Regenerative Agriculture. Pathways to Integrated Ecological Farming
Abstract
4.3.1 Case Study: Introduction
4.3.2 Decline of Family Farms
4.3.3 The Rise of Resilient Farms—Keyline Design
4.3.4 Permaculture—A Design Science
4.3.5 Complexity and Chaos into Order, from Patterns to Details
4.3.6 Taranaki Farm—Local Markets Focus with Financially Sustainable Complex Systems
4.3.7 Ethics and Restorative Agricultural Economy
Chapter 4.4: Regenerating Agriculture to Sustain Civilization
Abstract
4.4.1 Introduction
4.4.2 The Need for a New Agricultural Philosophy
4.4.3 Water Management: Agricultural Practices and Policies
4.4.4 Holistic Management
4.4.5 Policy and Development Projects
4.4.6 Improving Management
Chapter 4.5: Land Degradation: An Economic Perspective
Abstract
4.5.1 The Economics of Land Degradation Initiative
4.5.2 From Scientific Knowledge to Action: Implementation of Economic Valuation
Chapter 4.6: Four Returns, Three Zones, 20 Years: A Systemic Approach to Scale up Landscape Restoration by Businesses and Investors to Create a Restoration Industry
Abstract
Acknowledgments
4.6.1 Introduction
4.6.2 Ecosystem Restoration: The Economy Relies on Ecology
4.6.3 Restoring Ecosystem Functions Is Restoring our Economy
4.6.4 Restoration and Rehabilitation
4.6.5 A Toolbox of Promising Solutions
4.6.6 Business Schools: Preparing Managers for a Restoration Industry
4.6.7 Closing the Gap Between Business and Ecosystem Restoration
4.6.8 Creating Ecosystem Restoration Partnerships
4.6.9 A Practical Systemic Approach: The Four Returns Model
4.6.10 From Restoration-Ready to Investor-Ready: Developing a Four Returns/Three Zones/20 Years Restoration Industry
4.6.11 Conclusion
Chapter 4.7: Restoring Degraded Ecosystems by Unlocking Organic Market Potential: Case Study from Mashonaland East Province, Zimbabwe
Abstract
4.7.1 Introduction
4.7.2 The Wider Challenge
4.7.3 Engaging Different Actors to Stimulate Change
4.7.4 Action Research Area
4.7.5 Our Approach
4.7.6 Facilitating Behavioral Change to Restore Ecosystem Functions
4.7.7 Engaging Leadership for Land Tenure Security
4.7.8 Farmer Agency: Facilitating Representation
4.7.9 Promising Advances
4.7.10 Ongoing and Emerging Challenges
4.7.11 Market Production Versus Natural Resource Use
4.7.12 Conclusion
Chapter 4.8: A Continuing Inquiry into Ecosystem Restoration: Examples from China’s Loess Plateau and Locations Worldwide and Their Emerging Implications
Abstract
Acknowledgment
4.8.1 A Journey Begins
4.8.2 Mosaic Landscape Theory
4.8.3 Lessons
4.8.4 Communicating About the Chinese Restoration Experiences in Africa
4.8.5 Water Retention Landscapes
4.8.6 Biodiversity
4.8.7 Land Tenure and Precedent?
4.8.8 The Promise of the Commons
4.8.9 Valuing Fundamentals
4.8.10 Conclusion
Part 5: The Community as a Resource for Land Restoration
Chapter 5.1: Poverties and Wealth: Perceptions, Empowerment, and Agency in Sustainable Land Management
Abstract
5.1.1 Introduction
5.1.2 History of the Suid Bokkeveld
5.1.3 Geography and Ecology of the Suid Bokkeveld
5.1.4 Some Key Concepts for Sustainable Development
5.1.5 The Process of Development in the Suid Bokkeveld
5.1.6 Conserving Natural Resources
5.1.7 Agency and Development in the Suid Bokkeveld
5.1.8 Conclusion
Chapter 5.2: All Voices Heard: A Conflict Prevention Approach to Land and Natural Resources
Abstract
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Role of Law and Policy: Participatory Decision Making
5.2.3 Role of Law and Policy: Empowering Local Communities
5.2.4 Role of Law and Policy: Building Resilience
5.2.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
Part 6: Gender in the Context of Land Restoration
Chapter 6.1: Land Restoration, Agriculture, and Climate Change: Enriching Gender Programming Through Strengthening Intersectional Perspectives
Abstract
6.1.1 Introduction
6.1.2 Incorporating Social Difference into Land Restoration Research and Programming
6.1.3 Climate Change, Gender, and Land Restoration
6.1.4 Drawbacks of Conventional Binary Gender Analysis
6.1.5 Expanding Intersectional Gender Analysis Within Land Restoration and Climate Change Research
6.1.6 Conclusions: Looking Toward Integrating Land Restoration, Climate Change, and Intersectional Gender Research
Chapter 6.2: Gender Roles and Land Use Preferences—Implications to Landscape Restoration in Southeast Asia
Abstract
6.2.1 Introduction
6.2.2 Gender and Land Management Nexus
6.2.3 Case Studies
6.2.4 Gender Implications with Land Restoration
Part 7: Communities, Restoration, Resilience
Chapter 7.1: Drought-Management Policies and Preparedness Plans: Changing the Paradigm from Crisis to Risk Management
Abstract
7.1.1 Introduction
7.1.2 National Drought Policy: Background
7.1.3 Drought Policy Development: A Template for Action
7.1.4 National Drought-Management Policy: A Process
7.1.5 Summary and Conclusion
Chapter 7.2: Not the Usual Suspects: Environmental Impacts of Migration in Ghana’s Forest-Savanna Transition Zone
Abstract
7.2.1 Introduction
7.2.2 Dagaba Migration
7.2.3 First Line of Evidence: Environmental Degradation Overstated
7.2.4 Second Line of Evidence: Most Environmental Degradation, If Any, Occurred Before the Large-Scale Immigration of Settler Farmers from the North
7.2.5 Third Line of Evidence: The Studies That Blame Migrants for Environmental Degradation Neglect the Most Crucial Causes of Land Degradation
7.2.6 Fourth Line of Evidence: Immigration of Farmers from Northwest Ghana Hardly Plays a Role in Local Discourses of Environmental Degradation
7.2.7 Fifth Line of Evidence: Native Farmers See Differences in Farming Techniques Between Themselves and Settler Farmers, but They Don’t Think That Settlers’ Methods Are More Destructive
7.2.8 Sixth Line of Evidence: A Survey Among Settler Farmers and Native Farmers Shows Differences in Farming Techniques But No Evidence That Settlers’ Methods Are More Degrading
7.2.9 Evaluation of Survey Findings on Land-Use Sustainability
7.2.10 Conclusion
Chapter 7.3: The Global Restoration Initiative
Abstract
7.3.1 Introduction
7.3.2 Opportunity
7.3.3 Climate Change Mitigation
7.3.4 Water Benefits
7.3.5 Economic Livelihoods
7.3.6 Conflict Reduction
7.3.7 Gender
7.3.8 . . . but hurdles remain
7.3.9 Solutions?
7.3.10 Conclusion
Part 8: Selected Case Studies
Chapter 8.1: Indigenuity: Reclaiming our Relationship with the Land
Abstract
8.1.1 Introduction
8.1.2 Reclaiming Our Relationship with the Land
8.1.3 WAF Initiatives Show the Way Forward
8.1.4 Conclusion: Constructing a New Narrative for Food Security
Chapter 8.2: Land Restoration and Community Trust: Keys to Combating Poverty: A Case Study from Rural Maharashtra, India
Abstract
8.2.1 Introduction
8.2.2 Local Ecosystems and Economic Setting
8.2.3 A Restoration Program in the Western Ghats
8.2.4 Community Participation for Restoration
8.2.5 Opportunities for Building Trust
8.2.6 Conclusions
Chapter 8.3: Shifting from Individual to Collective Action: Living Land’s experience in the Baviaanskloof, South Africa
Abstract
8.3.1 Land Degradation and Three Disconnects
8.3.2 Ecological Divide
8.3.3 Social Divide
8.3.4 The Disconnect from Self
8.3.5 The Living Lands Experience and Approach
8.3.6 Conclusion
Chapter 8.4: Development and Success, For Whom and Where: The Central Anatolian Case
Abstract
8.4.1 Agricultural Development, Past and Present
8.4.2 What Development Brought to and Took from Central Anatolia
8.4.3 Indigenous Anatolian Agriculture Management
8.4.4 Karapinar Anthroscape Model
8.4.5 Conclusion
Chapter 8.5: Sharing Knowledge to Spread Sustainable Land Management (SLM)
Abstract
Part 9: Suggestions for Ways to Use This Book
Chapter 9.1: Buffets, Cafes, or a Multicourse Meal: On the Many Possible Ways to Use This Book
Abstract
Part 10: Concluding Remarks and a Way Forward
Chapter 10.1: Concluding Remarks
Abstract
Index
Ilan Chabay is Senior Fellow at Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies in Potsdam Germany, where he co-leads Sustainable Modes of Arctic Resource-driven Transformations and global interdependencies (SMART) project and collaborates on governance of emerging technologies and soil & land restoration. He is honorary member of Swiss Academy of Social Sciences and Humanities, served on Scientific Committee of the International Human Dimensions Programme (IHDP) and Science & Technical Committee of UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. He was Hasselblad Professor in sociology and applied IT departments at University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University 2006-2011, consulting professor of chemistry at Stanford University 1984-1988. In Silicon Valley he founded and directed The New Curiosity Shop from 1983-2001, which designed and produced hands-on science exhibitions for over 200 science centers worldwide. His Ph.D. is in chemical physics from University of Chicago.
Martin Frick is the Representative of Germany to the International Organisations based in Germany, including the Secretariats of the UN convention to combat climate change, UNFCCC, and the UN Convention to Combat Desertification, UNCCD. He was E3G's Programme Leader for Climate Diplomacy from November 2010 to June 2012. Martin has been a German diplomat since 1996. He served as the German representative for human rights and humanitarian affairs at the United Nations General Assembly from 2005 to 2007. Prior to his work in New York, Martin served as Consul and as Deputy Ambassador in Albania from 1999-2002. From 2002-2005 he was the Cabinet Affairs Advisor to German Federal Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer. Between 2007-2010 he was Deputy CEO/Director of the Global Humanitarian Forum, a Geneva based foundation set up by former UN-Secretary General Kofi Annan. From the early days of this foundation Martin formed the content and strategic orientation of the Forum's work.
Jennifer Helgeson is a Research Economist in the Applied Economics Office of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). She is a steering committee member for Initiatives for Land, Lives and Peace (ILLP). She is also a member of the Royal Academy of Geographers and was awarded a Fulbright Grant to do fieldwork in Norway. Jennifer was a Climate Change Adaptation Specialist for the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). She has done environmental economics-related work for Friends of the Earth Middle East and Grameen Foundation, Uganda. Jennifer did her PhD studies at the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, LSE. She previously studied Environmental Economics at the University of Oxford and Economics at Brandeis University.
