Nature as the Laboratory Darwinian Plant Ecology in the German Empire, 1880-1900

About this book

The science of botany underwent a dramatic change in the late nineteenth century. A reform movement originating in Germany took the traditionally destructive approach to the study of plant structure and physiology and transformed it into a study of plant adaptation. The young scientists who initiated this approach were influenced by factors both scientific and political. Darwin's natural selection theory and the German Reich's interest in colonial expansion provided the background for a new botanical methodology, which treated Nature as the Laboratory. The work of these botanists, including Gottlieb Haberlandt, Georg Volkens, A. F. W. Schimper, and Ernst Stahl, influenced the subsequent development of botanical science in the twentieth century and contributed significantly to the emergence of the new science of ecology. Eugene Cittadino describes in detail their early careers, their zeal for Darwinian selection theory, and their sometimes hazardous expeditions into exotic environments from Africa to the East Indies.

Contents

Preface; Introduction; 1. Botany in Germany, 1850--1880: the making of a science and a profession; 2. Schwendener and Haberlandt: the birth of physiological plant anatomy; 3. Overtures to Darwinism; 4. Schwendener's circle: botanical 'comrades-in-arms'; 5. Physiological anatomy beyond the Reich; 6. Beyond Schwendener's circle: Ernst Stahl; 7. Schimper and Schenck: from Bonn to Brazil; 8. Teleology revisited? natural selection and plant adaptation; 9. The colonial connection: imperialism and plant adaptation; 10. Toward a science of plant ecology; Notes; Select bibliography; Index.

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