Water Pollution and Fish Physiology

About this book

Provides a concise discussion of the effect of toxic chemical pollutants on the physiological processes in teleost fish.

Contents

Some Introductory ConceptsTypes of Water PollutionThe Relationship Between Aquatic Toxicology and Fish PhysiologyLevels of Biological OrganizationImportance of Dose and Duration of ExposureStressToxic Mode of ActionEnvironmental HypoxiaMinimum Levels of Oxygen Required for Fish LifeInteraction of Hypoxia and Toxicity of Pollutant ChemicalsGill vs. Cutaneous RespirationAdjustments in VentilationAdjustments by the Gills to HypoxiaTransport of Oxygen by the BloodCardiovascular Changes During HypoxiaRespiratory Regulation and ConformityAnaerobic MetabolismSwimming SpeedBehaviorBlood and UrineHistopathologyAcclimation to HypoxiaRespiratory and Cardiovascular ResponsesOverview of Normal Respiratory PhysiologyHistopathology of Gill Lamellae Exposed to PollutantsVentilation Changes in Response to PollutantsPhysiological Mechanisms of Changes in VentilationCirculatory PhysiologyCardiac Responses to PollutantsHematologyFish Blood Cells and their MeasurementChemicals that Cause AnemiaChemicals Causing an Increase in Hematological VariablesUptake, Accumulation, Biotransformation, and Excretion of XenobioticsUptake from the EnvironmentTransport Within the Fish of Metals and OrganicsAccumulation of Metals in Different OrgansRegulation of Metal ConcentrationGlutathione and Metal DetoxificationInvolvement of Metallothionein in Metal Accumulation and Acclimation to MetalsBioconcentration of Organic PollutantsBiotransformation of Organic ContaminantsExcretion of Organic ContaminantsLiverStructure of LiverAlterations of Liver/Somatic IndexHistopathological Effects of PollutantsMajor Functions of LiverEffects of Pollutants on Liver FunctionAscorbic Acid and Pollutant ExposureOsmotic and Ionic RegulationEffects of Pollutants on Osmotic and Ionic RegulationMucusChloride Cell ProliferationSome Summary Comments Regarding Osmoregulatory and Electrolyte AlterationsPhysiological EnergeticsGeneral ConceptsMethods for Measuring Energy Expenditure in FishEffects of Metals on Metabolic RateGill Tissue Metabolism: Effects of Metals and Possible Relation of Gill Metabolism to Whole-Body Metabolic RateEffects of Pesticides on Whole-Body and Individual Tissue RespirationMethods Applicable to Measurement of Energy Expenditure in the FieldEffects of Pollutants on Larval and Juvenile GrowthSwimming PerformanceChanges in Carbohydrate, Lipid, and Protein Energy StoresAlterations in Cellular Enzyme Activity, Antioxidants, Adenylates, and Stress ProteinsSome Comments About Enzyme MethodologyAlterations in Cellular Enzyme Activity from Metal ExposureEnzyme Effects from Organic ChemicalsConcluding Remarks on Enzyme EffectsAntioxidantsAdenylatesStress ProteinsAcid PollutionSpawningEmbryonic Development and HatchingLarvae from Hatching Through Swim-UpJuvenile and Adult: Acid-Base Balance and Electrolyte Changes from Acute ExposuresJuvenil

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