This set of papers presents a description of the synthesis of hydrological problems and various environmental implications and management strategies for different highland and headwater regions of the world. Problems studies include pollution, deforestation, and their impact impact on global climate, as well as the management of the affected regions. Regions covered include the Himalayas, Russian mountains, Amazonia, upland Wales, former Yugoslavia, the Italian Alps, mountains of Central Europe, Slovene alpine areas, the headwater lakes of Kejimkujik National Park (Canada), Central Albania, and the USA. The problems and hazards described entail proper management of highlands and headwaters, since the environment of these regions directly affects the environment of lowlands, valleys and flatlands, and sometimes causes serious socio-economic and political conflicts between different regions.