Presents a cohesive view, incorporating the thinking in the developmental, genetic and environmental fields, of how adaptive phenotypes evolve, recognizing organisms as complex genetic-epigenetic systems that develop in response to changing internal and external environments.
Phenotypic evolution; antecedents of the reaction norm perspective; reaction norms and phenotypic plasticity; ontogeny and heterochrony; allometry; phenotypic integrations; epigenetics; constraints on phenotypic evolution; evolution of reaction norms and phenotypes; future research.