Argues that many projects that try to integrate conservation and development fail to establish clear links between conservation goals and development activities. The text goes on to suggest that more emphasis should be given to flexible programmes that can adjust to changing needs and objectives, a so-called `learning by doing process'. Lack of authority by park management over buffer zones as well as insufficient means, shortage of knowledge or unwillingness by the management to address development issues are the main constraints. This underlines the need for integrated approaches, and demands co-operation between the major actors in the field.