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Oxidation by molecular oxygen is one of the most practically important of all chemical processes. It is the basis of energy production in animals and, at the same time, a major cause of irreversible deterioration and ultimate death. Man uses oxygen positively in the production of energy by combustion, and many important industrial processes in the petrochemical industry are based on the controlled oxidation of hydrocarbons. At the same time, oxidation is the main cause of deterioration of foodstuffs and of many industrial polymers. It is of great practical importance that the mechanisms of oxidation and its prevention should be understood in order to utilize the reactions of oxygen more effectively but, equally important, to control the adverse effects of oxygen on man-made products and in biological systems. The three volumes of this work are directed towards these objectives. Although complementary to one another, the three volumes form a single whole and it is hoped that, by frequent cross-reference, readers will be enabled to utilize ideas and experience from other disciplines to enlighten their own. Volume III addresses our present understanding of how oxidation is involved both positively and negatively in life processes. This is a more recent and rapidly developing aspect of oxidation chemistry, and many of the concepts still have to be proved by rigorous scientific investigation. Nevertheless, the mechanistic principles developed as a result of studies in vitro over the years now provide the basis for understanding the complex oxidation chemistry of life processes and its control by biological antioxidants.
Contents
Part 1. Lipid Peroxidation and its inhibition, E. Niki: Lipids in Biomembranes; Peroxidations of Lipids in the Membranes; Inhibition of Lipid Peroxidation. Part 2. Electron Spin Resonance and Spin Trapping, P.J. Thornalley: Electron Spin Resonance of Free Radical Intermediates in Biological Oxidations; Electron Spin Resonance - Theoretical Principles; Practical Aspects of Electron Spin Resonance of Biological Systems; The ESR Technique of Spin Trapping; Free Radical Intermediates in Biological Oxidations - Classification of Biological Oxidation Mechanisms; Electron Spin Resonance Studies of Free Radicals in Biological Oxidations. Part 3. Transition Metal Ions and Antioxidant Proteins in Extracellular Fluids, J.M. Gutteridge and B. Halliwell: Oxygen Toxicity; Biological Antioxidants; Protein Antioxidants of Extracellular Fluids. Part 4. Sensitization and Protection of Oxidative Damage Caused by High Energy Radiation, P. Wardman: Quantitation of Radiation Damage; Targets in Radiobiology - The Focus of Oxidative Stress; The Oxygen Effect in Radiobiology; Oxygen-Mimetic Compounds; Antioxidants as Radiation Protectors; Clinical Exploitation of Radiation Sensitization and Protection; The Oxygen Paradox - Is it a Sensitizer or a Protector? Part 5. Interactions of Melanin with Oxygen (and Related Species), T. Sarna and H.M. Swartz: Redox Properties of Melanin Relevant to its Interactions with Oxygen; Oxidation of Monomeric Precursors of Melanin; Interaction of Melanin with Ground State Molecular Oxygen; The Ability of Melanin to Quench and Induce Reactive Species Derived from Oxygen; Oxygen-Dependent Photoreactions of Melanin; Degradative Oxidation of Melanin in the Dark. Appendices: 6. Oxidation of Tetrahydrofolates and Tetrahydrobiopterin by Molecular Oxygen, J.A. Blair and G. Farrar. Introduction. Tetrahydrofolate (VI). 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate (111). 1 0-Formyltetrahydrofolate (V). Polyglutamates. Tetrahydrobiopterin (Vil). Biological Implications. 7. Prostaglandin Synthesis and Co-oxidation: Prostaglandin H Synthase-Linked Radical Reactions (G.A. Reed). Introduction. The Arachidonic Acid Cascade. Prostaglandin H Synthase: The Cyclooxygenase Reaction. Prostaglandin H Synthase: Classical Peroxidase Reactions. Non-Classical Peroxidative Oxidations. Commentary. 8. Antioxidants in Vitro and in Vivo (G. Scott). Introduction. Oxidation in Vitro and in Vivo. Mechanisms of Antioxidant Action. 9. Mechanisms of Antioxidant Action in Living Organisms (D.G. Pobedimskij, E.B. Burlakova). Introduction. Mechanisms of Antioxidant Effects on Cell Metabolism. Antioxidants and Their Use in the Biotechnology of Protein Preparations and Biologically Active Substances. Conclusion. 10.Antioxidant Role of Vitamin E (H.H. Draper). Introduction. Lipid Peroxidation. Ozone and Lipid Peroxidation. Nitrogen Dioxide and Lipid Peroxidation. The Dietary Selenium - Vitamin E
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