Standard Methods of Geophysical Formation Evaluation

About this book

Standard Methods of Geophyscial Formation Evaluation covers all the petroleum-oriented standard methods which, until recently, have comprised the majority of applications of geophysical formation evaluation.

Contents

Resistivity MethodsIntroductionUnfocused Resistivity MethodsSingle Electrode Systems Equivalent Circuit Effect of Formation Resistivity Volume of InvestigationAveraging within the Volume of InvestigationPosition of the Return ElectrodeReturn Electrode Grounding ResistanceMulti-Electrode Systems Normal Resistivity Devices Empirical Method to Estimate Rt Departure Curves Lateral Resistivity DevicesGeneral Expression for Resistivity DevicesMicroresistivity SystemsMiscellaneous Resistivity ItemsSurface Resistivity MethodsFocused Resistivity MethodsFocusing Electrode Devices, Omnidirectional 3-Electrode Guard Logs 7-Electrode Guard Logs Shallow Investigating Guarded Electrode Device Spherically Focused Systems Radial Pseudo-Geometrical FactorsSidewall Guarded Electrode Systems Microlaterolog (MLL) Proximity Log (PL) Microspherically Focused Log (MSFL)General Reduction ProcedureInduction MethodsIntroduction PrincipleConventional Induction LogsPhasor Induction SystemsArray Induction LogsFactors Affecting Induction Logs Skin Effect Bed Boundary Effects Thin Bed Response Dipping Beds Net Bed Boundary ResponseData ReductionBorehole CorrectionsAdjacent Bed CorrectionInvaded Zone CorrectionResistivity Log InterpretationIntroductionThe Archie MethodValues of the Cementation ExponentThe Ratio MethodThe Rocky Mountain MethodThe Migrated Hydrocarbon Method Estimation of Permeability from Resistivity GradientDetermination of the Diameter of Invasion Reading "Tornado" Charts, DetailRt vs. Crossplot, The Pickett Plot The Nonlinear (Hingle) CrossplotThe Movable Hydrocarbon MethodThe FR,a vs. FR MethodThe RW,a vs. RW MethodNon-Hydrocarbon Usage of Resistance and ResistivitySpontaneous PotentialsIntroductionPrinciplesPhysical Principles Absorption or Shale Potential The Electrochemical or Diffusion Potential Effect of Ion TypesThin Beds Formation Water Resistivity, RWTaking Ion Types into Consideration The Effect of Shale Direction of Deflection Formation Resistivity EffectsThe Static SPCalculation of SalinityReduction of Data ExampleThe Electrokinetic ComponentRedox ComponentProblems with SP Measurements Resistance Component Sensitivity to Motion Electrodes Touching the Sidewall Bimetallism Improper Electrode MaterialMethods of Determining RW and Use of RW Calculations SP vs. RXO/Rt; the Ratio Method Ionic Conduction RW from Resistivity Values The Use of RWa The Dual Water Model RW from RXO and Rt Dunlap MultipliersThe SP Measurement in Fresh Water SandsNatural Gamma RadiationIntroductionRadiation from Formation Materials Clays Sands Carbonates Igneous and Metamorphic Materials Fractures and FaultsGross or Total Cou

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