Air Pollution by Photochemical Oxidants

About this book

This book gives a detailed description of the observed behaviour of photochemical oxidants especially ozone, on the urban, regional, and global scales. The volume includes: basic introductions to the biochemistry and physics of biogenic and anthropogenic production of photochemical oxidant precursors; room-temperature rate coefficients for gas-phase reactions as an aid to intercomparison; the synthesis of recent observations of photochemical oxidants over all spatial and temporal scales of interest; and a large selection of examples from the real atmosphere. Throughout, the emphasis is on understanding topics under simplified or controlled conditions; this book will be of great value to photochemists, environmental chemists, and all those concerned with (atmospheric) pollution.

Contents

Ozone in the Nineteenth Century. The Nature and Properties of Oxidants and their Precursors. Ozone. Hydrogen peroxide. Peroxyacyl nitrates. Nitrogen dioxide. Nitric oxide. Hydrocarbons. Aldehydes. Ketones. Sources and Emissions of Oxidant Precursors. Microbial production of methane. Microbial production of nitrogen oxides. The production of biogenic non-methane hydrocarbons. Oxidant precursors from biomass burning. Combustion of fossil fuels. Precursor emission inventories. Appendix: Dry deposition of photochemical oxidants. Atmospheric Chemistry of Photochemical Oxidants. Photolytic processes. Tropospheric chemistry far from anthropogenic sources. Oxidant chemistry in urban areas. Chemical mechanisms used in air pollution modelling. The Measurement of Photochemcial Oxidants and their Precursors. Ozone. Hydrogen peroxide and organic peroxides. PAN compounds and other organic nitrates. OH and other radical species. Oxides of nitrogen. Non methane hydrocarbons. Oxygenated hydrocarbons. Concentrations of Ozone and other Photochemical Oxidants. Ozone concentrations at remote sites. Ozone concentrations at urban sites. Ozone concentrations at rural sites. Ambient ozone concentrations in the UK and Ireland. Ambient ozone concentrations in Europe. Ozone concentrations in the rest of the world. Meteorological conditions and ozone episodes. Trends in ozone concentrations. Urban, rural and remote PAN compound concentrations. Urban, rural and remote peroxide concentrations. Environmental Effects. Impact on climate. Effects on nonbiological materials. Effects on human health. Effects on vegetation. Biomonitoring. Control Strategies. Air quality criteria. Compliance with air quality standards. Control strategies. The VOC Protocol. Controlling emissions from motor vehicles.

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