Growth Stresses and Strains in Trees

About this book

Although over 40 years have passed since Jacobs (1945) convincingly established the basic radial pattern of residual growth stress in growing trees, this phenomenon is still not widely appreciated in wood science and technology circles. This is in spite of the fact that the presence of these stresses of sizeable magnitudes has long been recognized as a primary cause of shakes and splits in logs as well as the warping of lumber sawn in the green condition. The presentation of the subject of growth stresses in trees presents some special problems due to the wide range of specialists who potentially might have an interest in the subject. For example, tree physiologists interested in questions such as the relation of mechanical stress to stem taper and the role of reaction wood and gravity forces in determining tree crown form encounter growth stress models. Silviculturists interested in the relation ofthinning practices to wood quality find that wood properties are correlated with growth stress levels which are in turn significantly changed by cutting practices. Wood technologists interested in the relation of residual growth stress gradients in green logs to the dimensional quality of sawn and seasoned lumber are forced to take a more quantitative approach to the effect of growth stresses than might have been the case in the past.

Contents

1 An Introduction to Growth Stresses
2 On the Measurement and Interpretation of Surface Growth Strains
3 Mechanisms for the Generation of Surface Strains
4 Internal Residual Stress Patterns in Tree Stems
5 Experimental Verification of Internal Residual Stress Distributions
6 Redistribution of Growth Stress States Due to Cutting

Appendix A Plane Strain Theory for an Orthotropic Cylinder with Pure Bending
Appendix B Computer Program for Computation of Residual Growth Stresses in Radially Inhomogeneous Cylinders
Appendix C Eigenfunctions for a Finite Strip
Appendix D End Problem of an Anisotropic Strip
Appendix E Analysis of Surface Strain Changes Caused by Removal of Inside Layers of an Orthotropic Cylinder Containing Residual Stresses

References

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