About this book
This book gives a comprehensive discussion of all the important South African citrus pests and their natural enemies. Special emphasis is placed on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of these pests, their control by indigenous and imported natural enemies, and the selection of a few indispensable non-disruptive pesticides so that expensive pest repercussions can be avoided.
Contents
Preface
Contents
Abstract/Uittreksel
Acknowledgements
List of Authors
Contributions by different authors
PART I. INTRODUCTION
Literature on Citrus pests: The scope of this review
The pioneers of citrus entomology
The citrus industry and citrus areas in South Africa
The pest status in different citrus areas
Losses due to insect pests
PART II. METHODS OF CONTROLLING CITRUS PESTS
Pesticides used before the advent of parathion
The parathion era and pest repercussions
Parathion and temephos: Repercussions worse
Resistant red scale: oils replace parathion
Pyrethroids to IGRs and repercussions
More IPM compatible sprays for thrips
Pesticides detrimental to biological control
The importance of controlling ants
Biological control of citrus pests
Corrective sprays for the transition to biological control
Integrated control and IPM of citrus pests
The selection of insecticides for integrated control
New approaches to pest control
Methods of applying pesticides
PART III. PESTICIDES
Compatibility of pesticides and fungicides with IPM
Formulations, properties and toxicity of pesticides
PART IV. EXAMPLES OF IPM PROGRAMMES FOR CITRUS PESTS
The IPM programme at the ARC-ITSC, Nelspruit
Bringing red scale under IPM at H.L. HALL & SONS Ltd
PART V. MITES AND SPIDERS PREDACIOUS ON CITRUS PESTS
Predacious mites as biocontrol agents on citrus in Southern Africa
Spiders as predators of citrus pests
PART VI. BIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF CITRUS PESTS
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