This volume features peer-reviewed papers presented at this conference, which was organized for an anniversary moment to bring together scientists from the main fields of astrophysics and space science. It celebrated fifty years of Romanian astrophysics, from the start of the solar observations at Bucharest Observatory and the beginning of astrophysics research in Romania. Topics discussed include: solar atmosphere, magnetic structure on the Sun, solar and stellar winds, waves, oscillations and cyclicities, astroseismology, stellar astrophysics, and extragalactic astronomy and cosmology.