Environmental Hydrology

About this book

The late Professor Reds Wolman in his Foreword to the award-winning second edition said, "This is not your ordinary textbook. Environmental Hydrology is indeed a textbook, but five elements often found separately combine here in one text to make it different. It is eclectic, practical, in places a handbook, a guide to fieldwork, engagingly personal and occasionally opinionated. … and, perhaps most engaging to me, in places the authors offer personal views as well as more strongly worded opinions. The former often relate to evaluation of alternative approaches, or formulations, of specific solutions to specific hydrologic problems."

The first and second editions were bestsellers and the third promises to educate people new to the field of hydrology and challenge professionals alike, with insightful solutions to classical problems as well as trendsetting approaches important to the evolving genre. The third edition enhances materials in the second edition and has expanded information on many topics, in particular, evapotranspiration, soil erosion, two-stage ditch design and applications, and stream processes.

What's New in the Third Edition:
- Presents new sections on rock structures in streams, hypoxia, harmful algal blooms, and agricultural practices to reduce nutrient discharges into water resources
- Enhances the format to aid the reader in finding tables, figures, and equations
- Contains more than 370 figures, 120 tables, 260 equations, 100 worked examples, 160 problems, and more than 1000 references

Collectively, the authors have more than 130 years of international experience and the addition of John Lyon and Suzette Burckhard as co-authors expands the breadth of knowledge presented in Environmental Hydrology. More than 60 scientists and engineers in Australia, Canada, Europe, and the United States provided assistance to round out the offerings and ensure applicability to hydrology worldwide.

Contents

The Hydrologic Cycle, Water Resources, and Society
Introduction
The Hydrologic Cycle
Water Supply
The Importance of Hydrology to Society
Data Analysis and Statistics
Modeling the Hydrologic Cycle
Problems

Precipitation
Introduction
Causes of Precipitation
Precipitation Events
Measurement of Precipitation
Storm Time Trends
Average Precipitation over an Area
Rainfall Frequency Distributions
Probability of an Event Occurring
Rainfall Erosivity
Problems

Infiltration and Soil Water Processes
Introduction
Soil Water Relationships
Infiltration and Soil Water Retention
Factors Affecting Water Movement into and through Soils
Soil Water Balance
Estimating Infiltration Rates
A Perspective on Infiltration Methods
Measurement of Soil Properties
Problems

Evapotranspiration
Introduction
Evaporation Process
Evapotranspiration from Soil and Plants
Measuring Evaporation or Evapotranspiration
Weather Data Sources and Preparation
Estimating Evaporation and Evapotranspiration
Converting Potential or Reference Crop Evapotranspiration Using Crop Coefficients

Runoff and Subsurface Drainage
Introduction
Factors Affecting Runoff Processes
Watershed Factors that Affect Runoff
Runoff Characteristics — the Rydrograph
Predicting Volume of Stormflow and Total Runoff
Prediction of Peak Runoff Rate
Stormwater Hydrographs
Assessment of Flood Estimation Techniques
Agricultural Land Drainage Modifications
Determining Subsurface Drainage Flows
Flow Duration and Water Yield
Problems

Stream Processes
Introduction
Interaction of Streams with the Landscape
Stream Orders
Stream Biota
Stream Characteristics
Stream Stability and Sediment Transport
Meander Migration, Floodplains, and Streamways
Stream Classification
Channel Evolution
What to Measure and Why the Measurement Should Be Made
Problems

Uniform Open Channel Flow
Introduction
Flow Velocity and Discharge
Compound Channels
Channel Modifications
Two-Stage Channel Design
Problems

Hydraulic Control Structures
Introduction
Specific Energy and Critical Discharge
Weirs, Flumes, and Culverts
Bendway Weirs, Vanes, and Barbs
Routing Flows through Channels and Rivers
Routing Flow through Reservoirs
Problems

Soil Conservation and Sediment Budgets
Introduction
Factors Affecting Erosion by Water
Types of Erosion
Estimating Soil Losses
The Universal Soil Loss Equation
Soil Loss Tolerance T
Applications of the Universal Soil Loss Equation
Downstream Sediment Yields
Single-Event Sediment Yields
Estimating Seasonal C Factors for Agricultural Crops
Sediment Budget Concepts
Problems

Hydrology of Forests, Wetlands, and Cold Climates
Introduction
How Are Forests Different?
Forest Climates — Rain and Snow
Interception — Rain, Snow, and Fog
Energy Balance in Forests
Evapotranspiration
Snowmelt
Infiltration
Subsurface Flow (Interfiow)
Surface Runoff
Streamfiow and Watershed Hydrology
Erosion — Sediment Budget
Deforestation, Fires, and Silviculture
Rangelands and Grazing
Wetlands
Problems

Hydrogeology
Introduction
Characterization of Groundwater Flow
Groundwater Flow Patterns and Stream Interaction
Flow to Wells
Capture Zones of Wells
Fracture Flow
Groundwater Vulnerability
Problems

Human Impacts on the Hydrologic Cycle: Prevention and Treatment Strategies
Introduction
Human Impacts on Stream Health
Biological Assessment Methods
Urban Impacts
Frequency Analysis
Flood Forecasting and Management
Reducing Runoff from Urban Areas
Detention and Retention Ponds
Wetlands as Water Treatment Systems
Landfills
Fundamentals of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems for Hydrologic Applications
Introduction

Products
Parts of the Spectrum and Radiation Characteristics
Data Types and Databases
Remote Sensing Characteristics of Water
Applications

Practical Exercises on Conducting and Reporting Hydrologic Studies
Introduction
Conducting a Hydrologic Study
Reporting a Hydrologic Study
Report Contents
General Guidelines for Preparing Exercise Reports
Exercise 14.1: Precipitation (see theory in )
Exercise 14.2: Evaporation (see theory in )
Exercise 14.3: Runoff (see theory in )
Exercise 14.4: Flow Duration (see theory in )
Exercise 14.5: Storm Runoff, Totals, and Peaks (see theory in )
Exercise 14.6: Erosion and Elementary Sediment Routing (see theory in )
Exercise 14.7: Streamfiow Measurement in the Field (see theory in )
Exercise 14.8: Watershed or Drainage Basin Morphology (see theory in )
Exercise 14.9: The Practical Use of Soil Surveys for Environmental Management

References
Appendices
Index

Customer Reviews

Biography

Andy D. Ward, Ph.D, is a professor in the Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University and has been a member of the faculty since 1986. In 1971, he obtained a B.Sc. in civil engineering from Imperial College, London, England. In 1977 and 1981, Dr. Ward obtained an M.S. and Ph.D. respectively in agricultural engineering from the University of Kentucky. He has authored more than 100 manuscripts and co-authored a paper that received the 1994 Autometric Award from the American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing for the best interpretation of remote sensing data.

Stanley W. Trimble, Ph.D, is professor emeritus in the Department of Geography at UCLA and has been a member of the faculty since 1975. In 1963, he received a B.S. in chemistry from the University of North Alabama. He earned his M.A. (1970) and Ph.D. (1973) in geography at the University of Georgia. Dr .Trimble was a research hydrologist with the US Geological Survey from 1973-84, and a visiting professor at the Universities of Chicago (1978, 1981, 1990), Vienna (1994, 1999), Oxford (1995), London (University College, 1985), and Durham (1998). He has published more than 100 research publications.

Suzette R. Burckhard, PhD, PE is a professor in the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department in the Jerome J. Lohr College of Engineering at South Dakota State University (SDSU), Brookings. She has been on the faculty since 1997. Dr. Burckhard earned a BS in engineering physics and civil engineering from SDSU. She also attended Kansas State University, earning an MS in physics, an MS in chemical engineering, and a PhD in civil engineering while there. She has over 100 presentations and publications including coauthoring the 3rd place ESRI Award for Best Scientific Paper in Geographic Information Systems in 2008.

John G. Lyon has conducted scientific and engineering research and administrative functions throughout his career. He is formerly the senior physical scientist in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Office of Research and Development (ORD) and Office of the Science Advisor in Washington, DC, where he co-led work on the Group on Earth Observations and the USGEO subcommittee of the Committee on Environment and Natural Resources, and research on geospatial issues. Lyon was director of ORD’s Environmental Sciences Division for approximately eight years. He was educated at Reed College in Portland, Oregon, and the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.