This study provides the first integrative economic analysis of one of Latin Americas most explosive natural resource export booms. The authors combine economic and geographical perspectives to build persuasive theoretical and empirical arguments linking micro- and macroeconomic processes and to explain the key features and outcomes of the boom. They conclude by laying out the essential lessons learned for assessing the role of resource extraction in developing regional economies. This study provides the first integrative economic analysis of one of Latin Americas most explosive natural resource export booms. The authors combine economic and geographical perspectives to build persuasive theoretical and empirical arguments linking micro- and macroeconomic processes and to explain the key features and outcomes of the boom. They conclude by laying out the essential lessons learned for assessing the role of resource extraction in developing regional economies.