This work examines the ecological consequences of agricultural development in the tropics. The results of deforestation, intensive land use, and the use of agrochemicals and farm machinery are considered in terms of the alteration to the land's productivity, soils and microclimate. The role of soil biota and macrofauna in maintaining favourable soil properties is examined and suggestions are given about farming systems and soil management techniques that will both preserve available resources and sustain economic production.