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To ask the right question, one needs to have some idea of what the answer might be. So it is with remediation. There is no such thing as too much information when it comes to characterizing a site, as information can aid in selecting the best remediation options. Unfortunately, the collection of data for making an informed decision is often costly, forcing professionals to make decisions on incomplete data. The lack of accurate data can also lead to the wrong remediation method selections, unwanted surprises, and extra expense. Based on the author's more than 40 years of experience working on environmental projects, Remediation Manual for Contaminated Sites provides a practical guide to environmental remediation and cleanups. It presents a broad overview of the environmental remediation process, distilled into what one needs to know to evaluate a specific challenge or solve a remediation problem. The text offers guidance on tasks that range from managing consultants and contractors to gathering data, selecting a suitable remediation technology, and calculating remediation costs.
Remediation Manual for Contaminated Sites includes remediation strategies for a variety of contaminants and examines a wide range of technologies for the remediation of water and soil, including excavation, wells, drainage, soil venting, vapor stripping, incineration, bioremediation, containment, solidification, vitrification, and phytoremediation. Written as a down-to-earth reference for professionals faced with the challenges of remediating a contaminated site, Remediation Manual for Contaminated Sites is also useful as a primer for students and those new to the field. It includes numerous figures, photographs, tables, and helpful checklists.
Introduction and Overview
Introduction
Regulatory Framework
CERCLA/SARA
Safe Drinking Water Act
TCLP and RCRA
Underground Injection Control Program
Other Water Regulations
Air Regulations
Construction and Operating Permits
Fire, Health, and Safety Regulations
Multimedia Problems
Cleanup Strategies
Corrective Action Plans
Management of the Consultant or Remediation Contractor
Contractor Management
Time and Material Contracts
Fixed-Price Contracts
Specifics of Initial Exploration
Specifics of Phase II Investigation
Remediation Design and Construction
Cleanup Alternatives and Systems
Introduction
Definitions of Soil and Groundwater Remediation Systems
Soil Treatment
Groundwater Treatment
Summary of Treatment Options
Data Requirements
Introduction
General Site Information
Site Exploration Program
Initial Exploration
NRCS Classification System
Unified Soil Classification System
Chemical Analyses
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon and Organic Carbon Analyses
Soil–Mineral Balance
Other Organics
Inorganic Contaminants
Water Quality
Measurement Accuracy and Well Sampling
Nonwell Subsurface Exploration Techniques
Well-Drilling Techniques
Core Samples
Alternatives to Core Sampling Programs
Hydrogeologic Information
Slug Tests
Pumping Tests
Soil Vapor Stripping
Bioremediation Data Requirements
Disposal and Incinerator Data Requirements
Summary of Data Requirements
Remedial Options
Introduction
Associated Problems and Challenges
Excavation
Depths of Excavation
Nuisance Problems
Groundwater
Rock Excavation
Backfilling
Trenches and Drains
Wells and Remediation
Drilling Muds and Well Development
Well Types
Well Packings and Well Screens
Hydrogeologic Modeling
Pumping Systems
Total Fluid Pumping versus Recovery Pumping
Water Treatment Systems
Water Chemistry
Physical Separations
Filtration
Strippers and Aerators
Carbon Adsorption
Biological Treatment
The Biological Treatment Universe
Incineration
Soil Venting
Vapor Extraction Systems Ancillary Equipment
Bioremediation
Landfarming
In Situ Bioremediation
Preliminary Considerations
Aeration Systems
Nutrient Additions
Site Restoration and Monitoring of Bioremediation
Taking the Measure of Bioremediation
Solidification and Containment
Containment
Solidification
Vitrification
Landfilling and Brownfields
Chernobyl
Ecuador
Summary of Remediation Technologies
Further Readings
Costs of Remedial Activities
Introduction
Information Sources
Discussion
Cost Factors: Discussion
OSHA Compliance
Exploration Services
Analytical Costs
Site Investigation Costs
Design, Construction, and Maintenance Costs for Remedial Activities
Specific Cost Factors
Biological Remediation
Biological Treatment Basics
Cellular Chemistry
Aerobic versus Anaerobic Reactions
Combined Cometabolic Stripping
Mycoremediation
Exploration Notes and Techniques
Direct Subsurface Investigation
Obtaining the Core Sample
Horizontal Well Exploration
Indirect Subsurface Investigation
Ground Penetrating Radar
Other Electromagnetic Surveys
Resistivity Exploration
Some Computer Modeling Notes
Other Indirect Survey Techniques
Landfills, Brownfields, Barrier Walls, and Bottom Sealing
Landfills
Modern Landfill Design
Landfill Excavation and Drilling Tips
Brownfields
Barrier Walls and Side Sealing
Sheet Piling
Slurries and Trenching Methods
Bottom Sealing
Modeling Notes
Phytoremediation
Index
David L. Russell is a professional engineer, writer, lecturer, and environmental professional. He has written three technical books on environmental topics, and countless articles and editorials. He has lectured and worked in such diverse places as the Ukraine, Ghana, Ecuador, Romania, Hungary, Saudi Arabia, Mexico, Poland, and the United Arab Emirates. His company, Global Environmental Operations Inc., has performed a variety of interesting and challenging projects, including researching solutions to radium removal in coal mine waters, setting up treatment facilities for large remediation projects, and risk assessments. He lives and works in Lilburn, Georgia.
