Style Diversity in Asteraceae Morphology, Anatomy, Phylogeny, and Function

About this book

This study is the most comprehensive and up-to-date overview of style morphology and anatomy of the plant family Asteraceae (or Compositae; asters, daisies, sunflowers), using the most current generalized phylogenetic tree based on molecular data as reference.

The Asteraceae are the largest plant family (one out of about every 10 species of the flowering plants belongs to this family); they include about 25,000 currently accepted species in 14 subfamilies and 44 tribes. The authors distinguish 49 style types in the Asteraceae. The style characters are compared with other features that indicate a systematic relationship.

The style of an individual flower of the Asteraceae is one of the most important floral organs in two respects: Firstly, the characteristics of the style contribute to the systematics of the family, secondly, the different forms of styles are of utmost importance to secondary pollen presentation. The latter allows for optimizing pollination by pollen portioning, a widespread phenomenon in angiosperms.

Combining both morphology and function, the style types represent eight possibilities of secondary pollen presentation, which can be subsumed into four main functional categories. Style characteristics and mechanisms of secondary pollen presentation are plotted in up-to-date phylogenetic trees to illustrate and discuss possible evolutionary trends in the Asteraceae.

Evaluating style characters and the position of the style tip within the anther tube shortly before anthesis now allows – in most cases – to easily predict the mechanism of secondary pollen presentation.

The different style types are exquisitely illustrated by high-quality greyscale and colour images and numerous line drawings. The study is complemented by an extensive bibliography, a table of the specimens studied (species, collection, etc.) and an index.

This style atlas is useful not only to botanists (especially synantherologists) and entomologists but addresses a wider audience interested more generally in the systematics of flowering plants and the evolution of floral characters and function.
 

Contents

Preface 3
Abstract 5

I. Introduction 7
II. Material and Methods 11
III. Characterization of style types 13
IV. Style morphology and anatomy and some remarks on other characters used for classification in the past and present – An overview 27
      A. Basal families of Asteraceae (Barnadesioideae, Famatinanthoideae, Mutisioideae, Stifftioideae, Wunderlichioideae, Gochnatioideae, Hecastocleidoideae) 27
            I. Subfamily Barnadesioideae 29
                  I.1. Single tribe Barnadesieae 29
            II. Subfamily Famatinanthoideae 29
                  II.2. Single tribe Famatinantheae 29
            III. Subfamily Stifftioideae 34
                  III.3. Tribe Stifftieae 34
                        III.3a. Stifftieae – Stifftia 34
                        III.3b. Stifftieae – Hyaloseris clade 36
                        III.3c. Stifftieae – Gongylolepis clade 36
                  III.4. Tribe Hyalideae 36
            IV. Subfamily Mutisioideae 38
                  IV.5. Tribe Onoserideae 39
                  IV.6. Tribe Nassauvieae 42
                  IV.7. Tribe Mutisieae 45
            V. Subfamily Wunderlichioideae 49
                  V.8. Single tribe Wunderlichieae 49
            VI. Subfamily Gochnatioideae 52
                  VI.9. Single tribe Gochnatieae 52
            VII. Subfamily Hecastocleidoideae 52
                  VII.10. Single tribe Hecastocleideae 52
      B. Pertyoideae, Carduoideae, and Gymnarrhenoideae 54
            VIII. Subfamily Pertyoideae 55
                  VIII.11. Single tribe Pertyeae 55
            IX. Subfamily Carduoideae 57
                  IX.12. Tribe Oldenburgieae 57
                  IX.13. Tribe Tarchonantheae 59
                  IX.14. Tribe Dicomeae 60
                  IX.15. Tribe Cardueae 61
            X. Subfamily Gymnarrhenoideae 64
                  X.16. Tribe Gymnarrheneae 64
      C. Vernonioideae, Cichorioideae, and Corymbioideae 69
            XI. Subfamily Vernonioideae 69
                  XI.17. Tribe Arctotideae 69
                        XI.17a. Subtribe Arctotidinae 70
                        XI.17b. Subtribe Gorteriinae 70
                        XI.17c. Tribe Arctotideae, unplaced genus: Heterolepis 73
                  XI.18. Tribe Platycarpheae 74
                  XI.19. Tribe Eremothamneae 74
                  XI.20. Tribe Liabeae 77
                  XI.21. Tribe Moquinieae 77
                  XI.22. Tribe Vernonieae 78
            XII. Subfamily Cichorioideae 81
                  XII.23. Single tribe Cichorieae 81
            XIII. Subfamily Corymbioideae 84
                  XIII.24. Single tribe Corymbieae 84
      D. Subfamily Asteroideae 86
      D1. Supertribe Senecionodae 87
            XIV.25. Tribe Senecioneae 87
      D2. Supertribe Asterodae 92
            XIV.26. Tribe Calenduleae 92
            XIV.27. Tribe Gnaphalieae 95
            XIV.28. Tribe Astereae 100
            XIV.29. Tribe Anthemideae 104
      D3. Supertribe Helianthodae 107
            XIV.30. Tribe Inuleae 107
                  XIV.30a. Subtribe Inulinae 109
                  XIV.30b. Subtribe Plucheinae 112
            XIV.31. Tribe Athroismeae 114
            XIV.32. Tribe Feddeeae 116
            XIV.33. Tribe Helenieae 116
            XIV.34. Tribe Coreopsideae 117
            XIV.35. Tribe Neurolaeneae 119
            XIV.36. Tribe Tageteae 120
            XIV.37. Tribe Chaenactideae 122
            XIV.38. Tribe Bahieae 123
            XIV.39. Tribe Polymnieae 124
            XIV.40. Tribe Heliantheae 124
            XIV.41. Tribe Millerieae 129
            XIV.42. Tribe Madieae 130
            XIV.43. Tribe Perityleae 133
            XIV.44. Tribe Eupatorieae 133
V. The value of style characters for more detailed phylogenetic considerations 136
      1. Style characteristics in basal subfamilies of Asteraceae 136
      2. Style characteristics in Pertyoideae, Carduoideae (Oldenburgieae, Dicomeae, Cardueae), and Gymnarrhenoideae 139
      3. Style characteristics in Vernonioideae, Cichorioideae, and Corymbioideae 143
      4. Style characteristics in Asteroideae 149
            4.1. Senecionodae / Senecioneae 149
            4.2. Asterodae 150
            4.3. Helianthodae 154
                  4.3.1. Basal Helianthodae: Inuleae, Athroismeae, and Feddeeae 154
                  4.3.2. "Heliantheae alliance" 157
      5. Stigma characters 164
            5.1. 'Non-Asteroideae' group 164
            5.2. Asteroideae clade 167
VI. Secondary pollen presentation 169
      1. Pollen portioning and optimization of pollination 169
      2. The mechanisms 169
      3. Assignment of the mechanisms based on style characters and the position of the style tip just before pollen presentation 173
      4. Secondary pollen presentation – comparative comments on morphology and function 195
VII. Final remarks 202
VIII. Acknowledgements 206
IX. References 207
X. Appendix (Table 1) 227

Index 254

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