Topics covered include: Ecological and economic evaluation of biomass ash utilization in Austria, Denmark, Sweden and Finland; Characterisation of ashes from grate-fired and fluidised bed combustion plants using wood fuels and straw; Heavy metal behaviour and possibilities of fractionated heavy metal separation during combustion of biomass; High-temperature equilibrium calculations of ash-forming elements in biomass combustion/gasification systems - state-of-the-art and application; Particle and ash formation in biomass combustion processes; and Particulate emissions from biomass combustion plants, Heavy metal recovery from contaminated biomass ashes by thermal and (bio)chemical treatment.