Biological Materials of Marine Origin: Vertebrates is a source of modern knowledge on biomineralization, biomimetics and materials science with respect to marine vertebrates. For the first time in scientific literature the author gives the most coherent analysis of the nature, origin and evolution of biocomposites and biopolymers isolated from and observed in the broad variety of marine vertebrate organisms (fish, reptilian, birds and mammals) and within their hierarchically organized structural formations. The basic format is that of a major review article, with liberal use of references to original literature. There is a wealth of new and newly synthesized information, including dozens of previously unpublished images of unique marine creatures including extinct, extant and living taxa and their mineralized and un-mineralized structures from nano- to micro – and macroscale. The material is organized effectively along both biological (phyla) and functional lines. Several modern topics e.g. "Biohalite", or "Fish Skin: From Clothing to Tissue Engineering", as well as "Silica-based Minerals in Marine Vertebrates", are never represented and discussed in previously published books. For the first time such current concepts as hierarchical organization of biocomposites and skeletal structures, structural bioscaffolds, biomimetism and bioinspiration as tools for the design of innovative materials are critically analyzed from both biological and materials science point of view using numerous unique examples of marine vertebrate origin. Biological Materials of Marine Origin: Vertebrates reviews the most relevant advances in the marine biological materials research field, pointing out several approaches being introduced and explored by distinct modern laboratories.
The objective of Biological Materials of Marine Origin: Vertebrates is for the scientists as well as for the senior or graduate standing in engineering or science to gain a solid appreciation for the special significance of the word marine biological materials as well as the rapid and exciting evolution and expansion of biomaterials science and its applications in modern technology and medicine.
Introduction
Species Richness and Diversity of Marine Vertebrates
Part I: Biomaterials of Vertebrates Origin. An Overview
Conclusion
References
Part II: Biomineralization in Marine Vertebrates
2. Cartilage of marine vertebrates
2.1. From non-mineralized to mineralized cartilage
2.1.1. Marine cartilage: Biomechanics and Material Properties
2.1.2. Marine cartilage: Tissue Engineering
2.1.3. Shark cartilage: Medical Aspect
2.1.4. Conclusion
References
3. Biocomposites and Mineralized Tissues
3.1. Bone
3.1.1. Whale Bone: Size, Chemistry And Material Properties
3.1.2. Whale Bone Haus
3.1.3. Conclusion
References
3.3. Tooth
3.3.1. Tooth-Like Structures
3.3.2. Keratinized Teeth
3.3.3. Rostral Teeth
3.3.4. Pharyngeal Denticles And Teeth
3.3.5. Extra-Oral And Extra-Mandibular Teeth
3.3.6. Vertebrate Oral Teeth
3.3.6.1. Folded Teeth
3.3.6.2. Hypermineralized Tooth Plates
3.3.6.3. Shark Teeth
3.3.6.4. Whale Teeth
3.3.6.5. Narwhal Tusk
3.3.6.6. Walrus Tusk
3.3.7. Conclusion
References
3.4. Otoconia And Otoliths
3.4.1. Chemistry and Biochemistry Of Otoconia And Otoliths
3.4.2. Practical Applications Of The Fish Otoliths
3.4.3. Conclusion
References
3.5. Egg Shells Of Marine Vertebrates
3.5.1. Egg Shells Of Marine Reptilia
3.5.2. Egg Shells Of Sea Birds
3.5.3. Conclusion
References
3.6. Biomagnetite in Marine Vertebrates
3.6.1. Magnetite in Marine Fish
3.6.2. Magnetite in Marine Reptiles
3.6.3. Magnetite in Sea Birds
3.6.4. Magnetite in Cetaceans
3.6.5. Conclusion
References
3.7. Biohalite
3.7.1. Diversity and Origin of Salt Glands in Marine Vertebrates
3.7.2. Salt Glands: From Anatomy To Cellular Level
3.7.3. Conclusion
References
3.8. Pathological Biomineralization in Marine Vertebrates
3.8.1. Conclusion
References
3.9. Silica-based Minerals in Marine Vertebrates
3.9.1. Conclusion
References
Part III: Marine Fishes as Source of Unique Biocomposites
4. Fish Scales as Mineral-based Composites
4.1. Enamel and Enameloid
4.2. Dentine and Dentine-based Composite
4.3. Fish Scales, Scutes And Denticles: Diversity And Structure
4.4. Conclusion
References
5. Materials Design Principles of Fish Scales and Armor
5.1. Biomechanics of Fish Scales
5.2. Fish Swimming And The Surface Shape Of Fish Scale
5.2.1 Superoleophobicity of Fish Scale Surfaces
5.2.2 Selfcleaning of Fish Scales and Biomimetic Applitions
5.3. Conclusion
References
6. Fish Skin: From Clothing to Tissue Engineering
6.1. Fish Skin Clothing and Leather
6.2. Shagreen
6.3. Fish Scales and Skin as Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
6.4. Conclusion
References
7. Fish Fins and Rays as Inspiration for Materials Engineering and Robotics
7.1. Fish Fins and Rays: Diversity, Structure and Function
7.1.1. Fish Wings: Fins of Flying Fish
7.2. Fish Fin Spines and Rays
7.3. Chemistry of Fish Fin: Elastoidin
7.4. Fin Regeneration and Fin Cell Culture
7.5. Robotic Fish-Like Devices
7.5.1. Fish and Designing of Smart Materials
7.5.2. Fish Biorobotics
7.6. Conclusion
References
Part IV: Marine Biopolymers of Vertebrate Origin
8. Marine Collagens
8.1. Isolation and properties of fish collagens
8.2. Fish collagen as Biomaterial
8.3. Conclusion
References
9. Marine Gelatins
9.1. Fish Gelatin-based Films
9.2. Shark skin and Cartilage Gelatin
9.3. Conclusion
References
10. Marine Elastin
10.1. Elastin-like Proteins in Lamprey
10.2. Fish Elastin
10.3. Cetacean Elastin
10.4. Conclusion
References
11. Marine Keratins
11.1. Intermediate Filaments
11.2. Hagfish Slime
11.3. Whale Baleen
11.4. Conclusion
References
12. Egg-capsule Proteins of Selachians
12.1. Collagen
12.2. Polyphenol-containing Proteins
12.3. Conclusion
References
13. Marine Structural Proteins in Biomedicine and Tissue Engineering
13.1. Conclusion
References
Epilogue
References
Addendum
8. Marine Collagens
8.1. Isolation and properties of fish collagens
8.2. Fish collagen as Biomaterial
8.3. Conclusion
References
9. Marine Gelatins
9.1. Fish Gelatin-based Films
9.2. Shark skin and Cartilage Gelatin
9.3. Conclusion
References
10. Marine Elastin
10.1. Elastin-like Proteins in Lamprey
10.2. Fish Elastin
10.3. Cetacean Elastin
10.4. Conclusion
References
11. Marine Keratins
11.1. Intermediate Filaments
11.2. Hagfish Slime
11.3. Whale Baleen
11.4. Conclusion
References
12. Egg-capsule Proteins of Selachians
12.1. Collagen
12.2. Polyphenol-containing Proteins
12.3. Conclusion
References
13. Marine Structural Proteins in Biomedicine and Tissue Engineering
13.1. Conclusion
References
Epilogue
References