This report provides a new, up-to-date review to identify conservation priorities and a new Red List for the 576 butterfly species known to occur in Europe.The analysis showed that a total of seventy-one species are threatened in Europe. Criteria are developed to identify Species of European Conservation Concern and the treats to, and distribution of, threatened species are described. Geographical distribution includes the Azores, Madeira, Russia, the Ural mountains and the whole of Turkey.