Defence from Invertebrates to Mammals Focus on Tonic Immobility

About this book

Defence from Invertebrates to Mammals: Focus on Tonic Immobility highlights new advances in the field. Chapters in this new release include Defensive responses in invertebrates, Introduction to defensive behaviour in vertebrates, Neural circuits of fear and defensive behaviour, Fear-associated factors modulating TI, Environmental, ecological and methodological factors of TI Modulation, The neuroethological approach to defence in rabbits, Neurophysiological mechanisms of TI, Neuromediators, brain areas and circuits involved in defence responses, Autonomic correlates of defence responses,  Neuroendocrine correlates of stress and TI, Pain control during TI and other immobility models, and more.

Contents

Dedication
Contributors
Acknowledgments
Preface
References

Chapter 1. Defensive responses in invertebrates: Evolutionary and neural aspects
Chapter 2. Introduction to defensive behavior in vertebrates
Chapter 3. Neural circuits of fear and defensive behavior
Chapter 4. The fear hypothesis and tonic immobility (TI) modulation: Early studies in chickens
Chapter 5. Environmental, ecological and methodological factors of Tonic Immobility (TI) modulation
Chapter 6. The neuroethological approach to defense in rabbit
Chapter 7. Neurophysiological mechanisms involved in tonic immobility (TI)
Chapter 8. Neuromediators and defensive responses including tonic immobility (TI): Brain areas and circuits involved
Chapter 9. Autonomic correlates of defense responses, including tonic immobility (TI)
Chapter 10. Neuroendocrine correlates of stress and tonic immobility
Chapter 11. Pain control in tonic immobility (TI) and other immobility models
Chapter 12. Tonic immobility as a survival, adaptive response and as a recovery mechanism
Chapter 13. Synthesis of defense response characteristics

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Biography

Giancarlo Carli began his research career when he was a medical student in Siena in November 1959. This changed his lifestyle forever. The head of the Institut, Cesare Bartorelli, Professor of Medical Pathology, was a neurophysiologist that had moved to the clinic but dedicated all his efforts to recruiting excellent investigators and collecting Italian and foreign grants to develop competitive scientific projects. Indeed, Carli had the opportunity to meet young medical doctors such as Alberto Zanchetti, Alberto Malliani and Emilio Bizzi that greatly influenced his scientific education and his mentality. Zanchetti had received neurophysiologic training in Pisa where he had published a long series of original papers on the reticular formation of the brain stem and was motivated to pursue his work in this field. After one year of intensive training, Carli started a new project with Zanchetti on REM sleep, a sleep phase that had been recently discovered. The project, in spite of strong initial difficulties, provided new findings and interpretations about the connections between brain stem and hippocampus that were published in Science. When Carli moved to Pisa, to Pompeiano lab, they discovered that presynaptic inhibition was responsible for the block of somatosensory transmission during REM sleep. Thanks to these results on REM sleep, in 2003 Giancarlo Carli received an Award as a pioneer in sleep studies by the International Society for Study of Sleep. After two additional years in Pisa, working under the supervision of Giuseppe Moruzzi, on animal hypnosis/tonic immobility, Carli moved to Baltimore where he completed his basic training on the somatosensory system. In particular, Vernon B. Montcastle taught him how to record from cutaneous and deep hand receptors in monkeys and Robert LaMotte how to train monkeys to perform a psychophysical task. After two years, Carli went back to Siena University where he started his academic carrier. At the same time, Carli developed his first program on pain and tonic immobility in Pisa, where had maintained his old lab, with Louis Lefebvre, a PhD student from Universitè de Montreal. In the following years, the work on pain was encouraged by Paolo Procacci, Professor of Internal Medicine at the University of Firenze, John J. Bonica, Professor of Anesthesiology, University of Washington, Seattle, and Manfred Zimmermann, Professor of Physiology, University of Heidelberg. Carli and Zimmermann had an intense collaboration on many education activities including a class on pain for medical students at Siena. The term “animal hypnosis” and the consideration that it did not define the same phenomenon in humans stimulated the interest of Carli to attend some Congresses on human hypnosis. Martin Orne, Professor at Pennsylvania University, and Ernest Hilgard, Professor at Standford University, convinced him to join the researchers engaged in this field.

Francesca Ietta is a researcher at the Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy. She has spent several years as a research fellow at the Department of Physiology, University of Siena. In November 2000, she started the PhD program in “Cellular Physiology and Neuroimmunophysiology” at the Department of Physiology, University of Siena. During her PhD studies, she worked for two years at the Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mont Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (2002-2004). She is the author or co-author of 33 full papers in indexed scientific international journals, 4 papers in international books, and over 50 abstracts. She contributed to research projects funded by the Italian Ministry for University and Research, Tuscany’s Environmental Department and the European Union. She has several national and international cooperations.