This “foundation monograph” of the genus Convolvulus represents a new initiative in terms of taxonomic monography, being an attempt to bring together the global approach of the traditional monograph with the more pragmatic and identification-focussed aims of most current floras, at the same time being informed by insights from molecular systematics. Convolvulus is distributed worldwide but is most common in regions with a Mediterranean climate or in semi-desert regions of the Middle East and Central Asia. Some species are well-known weeds whereas others are important in the ecology of drier regions or are cultivated in gardens. One hundred and ninety species are recognised in A Foundation Monograph of Convolvulus L. (Convolvulaceae) and all are described and the majority illustrated. Efforts have been made to account for the extreme variability of several widely distributed species.
Introduction 9
Our methodology and its implications 10
Generic delimitation 11
Geographical distribution 12
Discovery 13
Economic importance 13
Molecular systematics 14
Species concept 17
Morphological characters and their use in species delimitation 19
Dichotomous keys 28
Key to species in South America 29
Key to species in North America 30
Key to species in Australia 30
Key to species in New Zealand 31
Key to species in Southern Africa 32
Key to species in Tropical Africa 33
Key to species in North Africa 35
Key to species in the Atlantic Islands 38
Key to species in Europe 39
Key to species in the Levant 41
Key to species in the Arabian Peninsula (including Socotra) 44
Key to species in the Indo-Iranian region 47
Key to species in the Former Soviet Union 51
Key to species in East Asia 54
Taxonomic treatment of Convolvulus 55
Names 55
Specimen citations 55
Literature citations 56
Convolvulus 56
Species 1–22. Eurasian and North African species with leaves abruptly narrowed into a distinct petiole 57
1. Convolvulus scammonia 57
2. Convolvulus pseudoscammonia 59
3. Convolvulus durandoi 59
4. Convolvulus arvensis 60
5. Convolvulus chinensis 62
5a. Convolvulus chinensis subsp. chinensis 63
5b. Convolvulus chinensis subsp. triangularis 64
6. Convolvulus mairei 64
7. Convolvulus fatmensis 65
8. Convolvulus steppicola 65
9. Convolvulus sinuatodentatus 66
10. Convolvulus rufescens 66
11. Convolvulus betonicifolius 67
12. Convolvulus longipedicellatus 70
13. Convolvulus cassius 71
14. Convolvulus stachydifolius 71
14a. Convolvulus stachydifolius var. stachydifolius 72
14b. Convolvulus stachydifolius var. villosus 72
15. Convolvulus palaestinus 72
16. Convolvulus galaticus 73
17. Convolvulus germaniciae 75
18. Convolvulus coelesyriacus 75
19. Convolvulus pitardii 76
19a. Convolvulus pitardii var. pitardii 77
19b. Convolvulus pitardii var. leucochnous 77
20. Convolvulus glaouorum 77
21. Convolvulus vidalii 78
22. Convolvulus althaeoides 79
22a. Convolvulus althaeoides subsp. althaeoides 79
22b. Convolvulus althaeoides subsp. tenuissimus 81
Species 23–41. Southern African species 82
23. Convolvulus kilimandschari 83
24. Convolvulus capensis 85
25. Convolvulus bidentatus 86
26. Convolvulus namaquensis 87
27. Convolvulus thunbergii 87
28. Convolvulus dregeanus 88
29. Convolvulus boedeckerianus 89
30. Convolvulus multifidus 90
31. Convolvulus argillicola 90
32. Convolvulus ocellatus 91
33. Convolvulus randii 91
34. Convolvulus austroafricanus 93
35. Convolvulus aschersonii 94
36. Convolvulus farinosus 96
37. Convolvulus sagittatus 97
38. Convolvulus thomsonii 100
39. Convolvulus galpinii 101
40. Convolvulus natalensis 102
41. Convolvulus bullerianus 102
Species 42–55. American species 103
42. Convolvulus equitans 103
42a. Convolvulus equitans var. equitans 104
42b. Convolvulus equitans var. lindheimeri 104
43. Convolvulus carrii 106
44. Convolvulus chilensis 106
45. Convolvulus bonariensis 107
46. Convolvulus demissus 108
47. Convolvulus schulzei 110
48. Convolvulus laciniatus 110
49. Convolvulus hermanniae 112
49a. Convolvulus hermanniae subsp. hermanniae 112
49b. Convolvulus hermanniae subsp. erosus 113
50. Convolvulus montanus 114
51. Convolvulus incisodentatus 114
52. Convolvulus crenatifolius 115
52a. Convolvulus crenatifolius subsp. crenatifolius 115
52b. Convolvulus crenatifolius subsp. montevidensis 116
53. Convolvulus lilloi 117
54. Convolvulus ensifolius 118
55. Convolvulus hasslerianus 118
Species 56–69. Australasian species 119
56. Convolvulus microsepalus 119
57. Convolvulus graminetinus 120
58. Convolvulus remotus 120
59. Convolvulus crispifolius 121
60. Convolvulus eyreanus 122
61. Convolvulus clementii 122
62. Convolvulus tedmoorei 123
63. Convolvulus recurvatus 123
63a. Convolvulus recurvatus subsp. recurvatus 124
63b. Convolvulus recurvatus subsp. nullarborensis 124
64. Convolvulus wimmerensis 124
65. Convolvulus erubescens 125
66. Convolvulus angustissimus 125
67. Convolvulus fractosaxosus 127
68. Convolvulus verecundus 128
69. Convolvulus waitaha 128
Species 70–85. Old World species with petiolate leaves not markedly hastate or sagittate at base 128
70. Convolvulus leiocalycinus 129
70a. Convolvulus leiocalycinus Boiss. var. leiocalycinus 129
70b. Convolvulus leiocalycinus var. retrosepalus 131
71. Convolvulus dryadum 132
72. Convolvulus persicus 132
73. Convolvulus maireanus 133
74. Convolvulus lanjouwii 133
75. Convolvulus rectangularis 135
76. Convolvulus massonii 135
77. Convolvulus canariensis 136
78. Convolvulus volubilis 137
79. Convolvulus lopezsocasii 138
80. Convolvulus sp. A 138
81. Convolvulus fruticulosus 138
81a. Convolvulus fruticulosus subsp. fruticulosus 139
81b. Convolvulus fruticulosus subsp. glandulosus 140
82. Convolvulus fernandesii 140
83. Convolvulus valentinus 141
84. Convolvulus sabatius 142
84a. Convolvulus sabatius subsp. sabatius 142
84b. Convolvulus sabatius subsp. mauritanicus 143
85. Convolvulus supinus 143
85a. Convolvulus supinus var. supinus 145
85b. Convolvulus supinus var. melliflorus 145
Species 86–92. Annuals with blue or bluish flowers 146
86. Convolvulus gharbensis 146
87. Convolvulus siculus 147
87a. Convolvulus siculus subsp. siculus 147
87b. Convolvulus siculus subsp. elongatus 149
87a × 91. Convolvulus × beguinotii 150
88. Convolvulus pentapetaloides 150
89. Convolvulus meonanthus 151
90. Convolvulus tricolor 152
90a. Convolvulus tricolor subsp. tricolor 152
90b. Convolvulus tricolor subsp. cupanianus 153
91. Convolvulus humilis 154
92. Convolvulus simulans 155
Species 93–107. Red Sea group 155
93. Convolvulus rhyniospermus 156
94. Convolvulus capituliferus 158
94a. Convolvulus capituliferus subsp. capituliferus 158
94b. Convolvulus capituliferus subsp. foliaceus 159
95. Convolvulus jefferyi 159
96. Convolvulus stenocladus 160
97. Convolvulus bidrensis 160
98. Convolvulus vollesenii 161
99. Convolvulus subspathulatus 161
100. Convolvulus virgatus 161
100a. Convolvulus virgatus var. virgatus 162
100b. Convolvulus virgatus var. subaphyllus 162
101. Convolvulus glomeratus 162
101a. Convolvulus glomeratus var. glomeratus 163
101b. Convolvulus glomeratus var. sachalitarum 164
102. Convolvulus oppositifolius 165
103. Convolvulus scopulatus 165
104. Convolvulus hystrix 166
104a. Convolvulus hystrix subsp. hystrix 166
104b. Convolvulus hystrix subsp. ruspolii 167
104c. Convolvulus hystrix subsp. inermis 167
105. Convolvulus socotranus 168
106. Convolvulus kossmatii 168
107. Convolvulus semhaensis 169
Species 108–131. Mostly Middle Eastern species with a fastigiate habit 169
108. Convolvulus verdcourtianus 170
109. Convolvulus trabutianus 170
110. Convolvulus rottlerianus 172
110a. Convolvulus rottlerianus subsp. rottlerianus 172
110b. Convolvulus rottlerianus subsp. stocksii 173
111. Convolvulus prostratus 173
112. Convolvulus pilosellifolius 176
112a. Convolvulus pilosellifolius var. pilosellifolius 177
112b. Convolvulus pilosellifolius var. linearifolius 178
113. Convolvulus chondrilloides 178
113a. Convolvulus chondrilloides var. chondrilloides 179
113b. Convolvulus chondrilloides var. burzianus 179
114. Convolvulus sericophyllus 179
115. Convolvulus grantii 180
116. Convolvulus sarmentosus 180
117. Convolvulus hildebrandtii 181
118. Convolvulus peninsularis 182
119. Convolvulus leptocladus 182
120. Convolvulus erinaceus 184
121. Convolvulus hamadae 185
122. Convolvulus subsericeus 186
123. Convolvulus divaricatus 187
124. Convolvulus tujuntauensis 187
125. Convolvulus eremophilus 189
126. Convolvulus lindbergii 191
127. Convolvulus sarothrocladus 191
128. Convolvulus kurdistanicus 192
129. Convolvulus koieanus 192
130. Convolvulus gracillimus 192
131. Convolvulus pseudocantabrica 193
131a. Convolvulus pseudocantabrica subsp. pseudocantabrica 193
131b. Convolvulus pseudocantabrica subsp. askabadensis 194
Species 132–171. Old World undershrubs with sericeous leaves 194
132. Convolvulus ammannii 195
133. Convolvulus xanthopotamicus 195
134. Convolvulus grigorjevii 196
135. Convolvulus krauseanus 196
136. Convolvulus tragacanthoides 197
137. Convolvulus spinifer 197
138. Convolvulus fruticosus 199
139. Convolvulus gortschakovii 200
140. Convolvulus spinosus 201
141. Convolvulus argyracanthus 201
142. Convolvulus acanthocladus 202
143. Convolvulus iranicus 202
144. Convolvulus urosepalus 204
145. Convolvulus turrillianus 205
146. Convolvulus cantabrica 205
147. Convolvulus aucheri 207
148. Convolvulus schirazianus 207
149. Convolvulus commutatus 209
150. Convolvulus elymaiticus 209
151. Convolvulus calvertii 210
151a. Convolvulus calvertii subsp. calvertii 210
151b. Convolvulus calvertii subsp. ruprechtii 211
152. Convolvulus sericocephalus 212
153. Convolvulus holosericeus 213
153a. Convolvulus holosericeus subsp. holosericeus 213
153b. Convolvulus holosericeus subsp. macrocalycinus 213
154. Convolvulus boissieri 214
154a. Convolvulus boissieri subsp. boissieri 214
154b. Convolvulus boissieri subsp. compactus 214
154b × 153a. Convolvulus × turcicus 215
154b × 153b. Convolvulus × peshmenii 215
154b × 157c. Convolvulus × pseudocompactus 216
155. Convolvulus suendermannii 216
156. Convolvulus lineatus 217
157 × 158a. Convolvulus × cyprius 218
157. Convolvulus oleifolius 219
157a. Convolvulus oleifolius var. oleifolius 219
157b. Convolvulus oleifolius var. pumilus 220
157c. Convolvulus oleifolius var. angustifolius 220
158. Convolvulus argyrothamnos 220
159. Convolvulus mazicum 221
160. Convolvulus phrygius 221
161. Convolvulus libanoticus 223
162. Convolvulus assyricus 224
163. Convolvulus cataonicus 224
164. Convolvulus carduchorum 226
165. Convolvulus lanuginosus 227
166. Convolvulus cneorum 228
166a. Convolvulus cneorum var. cneorum 228
166b. Convolvulus cneorum var. latifolius 229
167. Convolvulus dorycnium 229
167a. Convolvulus dorycnium subsp. dorycnium 229
167b. Convolvulus dorycnium subsp. oxysepalus 230
167c. Convolvulus dorycnium subsp. subhirsutus 230
168. Convolvulus tschimganicus 231
169. Convolvulus caput-medusae 231
170. Convolvulus scoparius 231
170 ×171. Convolvulus × despreauxii 232
171. Convolvulus floridus 233
Species 172–190. Mostly villous undershrubs with flowers in capitulae 234
172. Convolvulus oxyphyllus 234
172a. Convolvulus oxyphyllus subsp. oxyphyllus 234
172b. Convolvulus oxyphyllus subsp. oxycladus 235
173. Convolvulus hamrinensis 235
174. Convolvulus kotschyanus 236
175. Convolvulus pyrrotrichus 237
176. Convolvulus lanatus 238
177. Convolvulus secundus 239
178. Convolvulus spicatus 241
179. Convolvulus jordanensis 241
180. Convolvulus schimperi 244
181. Convolvulus cephalopodus 244
181a. Convolvulus cephalopodus subsp. cephalopodus 245
181b. Convolvulus cephalopodus subsp. bushiricus 245
182. Convolvulus euphraticus 246
183. Convolvulus asyrensis 246
184. Convolvulus aitchisonii 247
185. Convolvulus reticulatus 248
185a. Convolvulus reticulatus subsp. reticulatus 248
185b. Convolvulus reticulatus subsp. waltherioides 248
186. Convolvulus stapfii 249
187. Convolvulus cephalophorus 249
188. Convolvulus oxysepalus 250
189. Convolvulus ulicinus 250
190. Convolvulus scindicus 251
Excluded and poorly understood species 251
Acknowledgements 254
References 255
Index of names 273