The setting of limit values for environmental noxae is usually based on measurements and data from single exposures. However, the need to consider combined exposures creates a requirement for environmental standards, which are here examined from the scientific, medical, economic, legal, sociological and philosophical/ethical points of view.
Introduction.- Methodological Foundations of Defining Environmental Standards.- Scientific and Medical Foundations.- Perception of Technical Risks.- The Importance of Economic Factors in Setting Combined Environmental Standards.- Legal Problems of Assessing and Regulating Exposure to Combined Effects of Substances and Radiation.- Appraisal and Recommendations.