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Radical by Nature The Revolutionary Life of Alfred Russel Wallace

Biography / Memoir Coming Soon
By: James T Costa(Author)
552 pages, 8 plates with colour & b/w photos and colour illustrations; 62 b/w photos and b/w illustrations, 3 b/w maps
NHBS
An in-depth and intimate biography of the long and remarkable life of Victorian naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace.
Radical by Nature
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  • Radical by Nature ISBN: 9780691233796 Hardback Mar 2023 In stock
    £35.00
    #259105
  • Radical by Nature ISBN: 9780691233802 Paperback Mar 2025 Available for pre-order
    £18.99
    #265414
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About this book

Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913) was perhaps the most famed naturalist of the Victorian age. His expeditions to remote Amazonia and Southeast Asia were the stuff of legend. A collector of thousands of species new to science, he shared in the discovery of natural selection and founded the discipline of evolutionary biogeography.

Radical by Nature tells the story of Wallace's epic life and achievements, from his stellar rise from humble origins to his complicated friendship with Charles Darwin and other leading scientific lights of Britain to his devotion to social causes and movements that threatened to alienate him from scientific society.

James Costa draws on letters, notebooks, and journals to provide a multifaceted account of a revolutionary life in science as well as Wallace's family life. He shows how the self-taught Wallace doggedly pursued bold, even radical ideas that caused a seismic shift in the natural sciences, and how he also courted controversy with nonscientific pursuits such as spiritualism and socialism. Costa describes Wallace's courageous social advocacy of women's rights, labour reform, and other important issues. He also sheds light on Wallace's complex relationship with Darwin, describing how Wallace graciously applauded his friend and rival, becoming one of his most ardent defenders.

Weaving a revelatory narrative with the latest scholarship, Radical by Nature paints a mesmerizing portrait of a multifaceted thinker driven by a singular passion for science, a commitment to social justice, and a lifelong sense of wonder.

Customer Reviews (1)

  • A tremendously enjoyable biography
    By Leon (NHBS Catalogue Editor) 1 Nov 2023 Written for Hardback


    2023 marks the 200th anniversary of the birth of Victorian naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace. Best remembered as the father of biogeography and co-discoverer of natural selection, he was an all-round fascinating person. Evolutionary biologist, entomologist, and Darwin and Wallace scholar James T. Costa gives an in-depth, intimate, and updated story of his life.

    Given the many other available Wallace biographies, why read this one? Because Costa can safely be considered an expert on the history of evolutionary thought. Next to three books on Darwin since 2009, Costa has also studied Wallace's life and work since 2010, resulting in three books, not to mention numerous academic papers and magazine articles. What this means in practical terms is that Costa provides context, context, context.

    As such, he explains the relevance and novelty of Wallace's ideas at the time (and I am going to be very selective here). For instance, Wallace was one of the first to insist on the recording of accurate location data when collecting animals and plants. When moving east and west in the Malay Archipelago, he thus noticed that the fauna on some neighbouring islands differed sharply, a local division later named the Wallace Line. It undermined geologist Charles Lyell's idea that environment alone determines distribution. Speaking of Lyell, some of Wallace's most underrecognized ideas concern transmutation (as evolution was known back then). Lyell claimed that species were immutable entities and that the fossil record reflected separate rounds of creation. Wallace disagreed; he was never one to shy away from discussion, even with intellectual giants. His then-novel idea was that "every species arises in immediate proximity to a preexisting and closely related species" (p. 158). But how? Wallace's flash of insight on natural selection, the remarkable confluence of Darwin and Wallace's ideas, and the case Wallace was building against Lyell are all deeply interesting topics that I am deferring to other reviews. Instead, let me briefly consider his take on anthropology. Wallace was fascinated with the indigenous people he encountered and his approach "was nothing less than a natural history of humans" (p. 196), applying the same evolutionary logic he applied to other animals. Against the background of a divided discipline back in London between polygenists (who saw races as separate entities, even species) and monogenists (who saw "races" as variations of a single human species), Wallace hewed closer to the latter.

    Costa also provides much historical context on Wallace the person. He is rightly remembered as a humanitarian scholar for whom justice was his lodestar. Utopian socialist Robert Owen left a deep impression and the young Wallace was a regular at the halls of science and mechanics' institutes that were just then popping up everywhere. These promoted self-improvement of working-class people through education. His full conversion to socialism came much later in life though. Wallace was an early advocate of women's rights, supported the suffragette movement, and more than once campaigned for scholarly societies to allow women in. He also campaigned for land reform, and in hindsight regretted that many of his early survey jobs served ongoing efforts at land enclosure that effectively screwed the poor.

    Now, how for some context to the above context? Despite the above character sketch, it would be an oversimplification to celebrate Wallace as "an almost uniquely nonracist, egalitarian Victorian [...] who was "woke"" (p. 166) before the rest of us were. Sure, he was respectful towards indigenous people, credited his field assistants, and criticized European civilization. But for all that, he was a product of Britain's global empire. Wherever he went, he could call on officials, transportation networks, and crews of unnamed porters and boatsmen for assistance. And despite his opposition to slavery, he frequently turned a blind eye to slave-holding friends and expats.

    Further commenting on Wallace's character (here comes more context), Costa admits that Wallace's trusting nature could border on the gullible. His interest in spiritualism caused disbelief among his peers, even while they praised his scientific achievements. Costa points out that many science historians forget how it impregnated Victorian society at all levels and even some of his critics attended séances suspiciously often. The other faux pas is Wallace's opposition to smallpox vaccination campaigns. Wallace, himself vaccinated, was all about the science, but this was in its infancy in the 19th century. "We cannot hold those who lived in the past to standards based on modern understanding" (p. 353), pleads Costa. Fortunately, we find him on the right side of history where eugenics is concerned, which he denounced as "the meddlesome interference of an arrogant, scientific priestcraft" (p. 490, note 52).

    Costa's writing is lively, occasionally interjected with chatty remarks or witticism that made me chuckle. When Wallace writes that Alexander von Humboldt's travel narrative gave him a desire to visit the tropics, Costa responds that "Wallace got a "desire to visit the tropics" all right" (p. 46). When Wallace scathingly remarks that indigenous women in New Guinea are "the least engaging specimens of the fair sex" he had ever met, Costa parries that "chances are he was not viewed by the locals as the hottest specimen of white European manhood either" (p. 231). And when only the religious Lyell is willing to take serious Wallace's new spiritualist tendencies, Costa imagines how "Darwin could only shake his head at the two of them" (p. 310). I found these a welcome source of levity.

    Much more can be said about both Wallace and this wonderful biography. Wallace left behind a mountain of written material for historians. Instead, let me circle back to my first question. Why read this biography? In fairness, other biographies provide details omitted here. Far more important, however, is what Costa adds. Much unpublished information has come to light since the 2013 centenary and Costa has drawn extensively on the archive of material that Wallace's grandsons had. This was gradually annotated and digitised from 2010 onwards as part of the publicly accessible Wallace Correspondence Project and has allowed Costa to add much intimate detail from hundreds of personal letters.

    Given the above, Costa's stated aim of writing an updated biography has been more than realised; this book is a triumph! I tremendously enjoyed Radical by Nature and was very impressed with the depth of its scholarship. Next to an intimate portrait of this most fascinating scholar, Costa provides much detail on a critical period of scientific development and the social context in which it unfolded.
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Biography

James T. Costa is a professor of biology and executive director of the Highlands Biological Station at Western Carolina University. His books include Darwin’s Backyard: How Small Experiments Led to a Big Theory; Wallace, Darwin, and the Origin of Species; and The Annotated Origin. He is a recipient of the Alfred Russel Wallace Medal and other honours.

Biography / Memoir Coming Soon
By: James T Costa(Author)
552 pages, 8 plates with colour & b/w photos and colour illustrations; 62 b/w photos and b/w illustrations, 3 b/w maps
NHBS
An in-depth and intimate biography of the long and remarkable life of Victorian naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace.
Media reviews

"Outstanding [...] A superb biographical rehabilitation of an indispensable natural scientist."
Kirkus Review, starred review

"[Costa] gives naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace the biography he deserves in this definitive account [...] Comprehensive and revelatory, this is a first-rate take on an overlooked figure in scientific history."
Publishers Weekly

"Radical by Nature uncovers fresh details about a remarkable, idiosyncratic scientist and social activist, showing how humans' understanding of the world was fundamentally altered by his ideas."
Foreword Reviews, starred review

"Alfred Russel Wallace was perhaps the most famed naturalist of the Victorian age [...] James T Costa's hefty, in-depth account draws on letters, notebooks and journals to mark Wallace's revolutionary life and achievements, on the 200th anniversary of his birth."
BBC Wildlife

"An expansive and insightful biography [...] [Costa] offers a fine introduction to Wallace's life and work for the uninitiated – and a revelatory portrait for those of us who thought we already knew him."
– Jennie Erin Smith, Wall Street Journal

"Alfred Russel Wallace, the codiscoverer of evolution by natural selection so often overshadowed by Charles Darwin, gets his star turn in this richly textured biography [...] Deep research grounds the book, but Costa's prose is nevertheless breezy and informal, driving an often-exciting narrative."
Choice Reviews

"[Radical by Nature] is well-documented using Wallace's own publications [...] Costa's biography helps us to see that Wallace was not, in fact, a case of split personality: he was engaged in a lifelong effort to find a moral agenda underlying the activities of nature and the forces that drive human interactions."
– Peter J. Bowler, Current Biology

"A must-read not only for biogeographers, evolutionary biologists and historians of science, but also for anyone who is interested in modern history and the origins of current societies during colonial times. Alfred Russel Wallace deserves many more homages, but this loving tribute from James Costa is a major step towards putting him into the place he deserves in history."
– Joaquín Hortal, Nature Ecology & Evolution

"[Radical by Nature] earns its place alongside other Wallace biographies [...] It is both a competent biography of an incredible scientist while also being a compelling narrative [...] A new take on the life and accomplishments of Alfred Russel Wallace."
– Jeremy B. Stout, Quarterly Review of Biology

"A fascinating multi-faceted portrait of Alfred Russel Wallace [...] A brilliant and major addition to the various tributes paid to Wallace and his impressive contribution to the nineteenth century natural science."
– Marion C. Thomas, Metascience

"Few Victorians were as adventurous as Alfred Russel Wallace, who plunged into the tropics to collect thousands of uniquely fascinating natural history specimens and simultaneously pioneered the theory of evolution by natural selection. Yet Wallace's story is frequently overshadowed by that of his more famous contemporary Charles Darwin. Here, in glorious detail, James Costa – a noted biologist-historian – captures Wallace's life in all its brilliance, originality, and complexity, and shows how this unassuming naturalist with the daring mind changed the history of biology forever."
– Janet Browne, author of Charles Darwin: A Biography

"Alfred Russel Wallace is too often relegated to a footnote in the Charles Darwin story. James Costa's masterful new biography puts Wallace back where he belongs, in the main text, bringing him triumphantly and precisely into focus as Darwin's equal."
– Andrew Berry, editor of Infinite Tropics: An Alfred Russel Wallace Anthology

"James Costa's life of Alfred Russel Wallace is comprehensive and detailed, scholarly and lively. Readers familiar with the author's masterly historical and biological work over recent decades will have high expectations of this volume and they will not be disappointed. There is no better book on this remarkable man."
– M.J.S. Hodge, University of Leeds

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