An Introduction to Environmental Chemistry

About this book

As concern mounts about the fate of hazardous waste in the environment, and the role of anthropogenic chemicals in global warming, environmental chemistry is growing in prominence in the undergraduate curriculum. This textbook assumes little prior knowledge of chemistry and is structured around the water cycle. The fully revised edition retains an emphasis on describing how natural geochemical processes operate over a variety of scales in time and space, and how the effects of human perturbations can be measured.

Contents

List of boxes Preface To The Second EditionPreface To The First EditionAcknowledgementsSymbols And AbbreviationsPart I: Introduction:1. What Is Environmental Chemistry?2. In The Beginning3. Origin And Evolution Of The EarthFormation Of The Crust And AtmosphereThe HydrosphereThe Origin Of Life And Evolution Of The Atmosphere4. Human Effects On Biogeochemical Cycles?5. The Structure Of This Book6. WWW Keywords7. Further Reading8. WWW Search KeywordsPart II: Environmental Chemist's Toolbox:9. About This Chapter10. Order In The Elements?11. BondingCovalent BondsIonic Bonding, Ions And Ionic Solids12. Using Chemical Equations 13. Describing Amounts Of Substances: The Mole14. Concentration And Activity15. Organic Molecules Structure And ChemistryFunctional GroupsRepresenting Organic Matter In Simple Equations16. Radioactivity Of Elements17. Finding More Chemical Tools In This Book18. Further Reading19. WWW Search KeywordsPart III: The Atmosphere:20. Introduction21. Composition Of The Atmosphere22. Steady State Or Equilibrium?23. Natural SourcesGeochemical SourcesBiological Sources24. Reactivity Of Trace Substances In The Atmosphere25. The Urban AtmosphereLondon Smog - Primary PollutionLos Angeles Smog - Secondary Pollution21st Century Particulate Pollution26. Air Pollution And Health27. Effects Of Air Pollution28. Removal Processes29. Chemistry Of The StratosphereStratospheric Ozone Formation And DestructionOzone Destruction By Halogenated SpeciesSaving The Ozone Layer30. Further Reading31. WWW Search KeywordsPart IV: The Chemistry Of Continental Solids:32. The Terrestrial Environment, Crust And Material Cycling33. The Structure Of Silicate MineralsCoordination Of Ions And The Radius Ratio RuleThe Construction Of Silicate MineralsStructural Organisation In Silicate Minerals34. Weathering Processes35. Mechanisms Of Chemical WeatheringDissolutionOxidationAcid HydrolysisWeathering Of Complex Silicate Minerals36. Clay MineralsOne To One Clay Mineral StructureTwo To One Clay Mineral Structure37. Formation Of SoilsParent (Bedrock) Material (P)Climate (Cl)Relief (R)Vegetation (V)Influence Of Organisms (O)38. Wider Controls On Soil And Clay Mineral Formation39. Ion Exchange And Soil Ph40. Soil Structure And ClassificationSoils With Argillic HorizonsSpodosols (Podzols)Soils With Gley Horizons41. Contaminated LandOrganic Contaminants In SoilsDegradation Of Organic Contaminants In SoilsRemediation Of Contaminated LandPhytoremediation42. Further Reading43. WWW Search KeywordsPart V: The Chemistry Of Continental Waters:44. Introduction45. Element Chemistry46. Water Chemistry And Weathering RegimesAlkalinity, Dissolved Inorganic Carbon And Ph Buffering47. Aluminium Solubility And AcidityAcidification From Atmospheric InputsAcid Mine DrainageRecognising Acidification From Sulphate Data - Ternary Diagrams48. Biological ProcessesNutrients And Eutrophication49. Heavy Metal ContaminationMercury Contamination From Gold MiningContamination Of GroundwaterAnthropogenic Contamination Of GroundwaterNatural Arsenic Contamination Of Groundwater50. Further Reading51. WWW Search KeywordsPart VI: The Oceans:52. Introduction53. Estuarine ProcessesAggregation Of Colloidal Material In EstuariesMixing Processes In EstuariesHalmyrolysis And Ion Exchange In EstuariesMicrobiological Activity In Estuaries54. Major Ion Chemistry Of Seawater55. Chemical Cycling Of Major IonsSea-To-Air FluxesEvaporitesCation ExchangeCalcium Carbonate FormationOpaline SilicaSulphidesHydrothermal ProcessesThe Potassium Problem: Balancing The Seawater Major Ion Budget56. Minor Chemical Components In SeawaterDissolved GasesDissolved IonsConservative BehaviourNutrient-Like BehaviourScavenged Behaviour57. The Role Of Iron As A Nutrient In The Oceans58. Ocean Circulation And Its Effects On Trace Element Distribution59. Anthropogenic Effects On Ocean ChemistryHuman Effects On Regional Seas 1: The BalticHuman Effects On Regional Seas 2: The Gulf Of MexicoHuman Effects On Total Ocean Minor Element Budgets?60. Further Reading61. WWW Search KeywordsPart VII: Global Change:62. Why Study Global-Scale Environmental Chemistry?63. The Carbon CycleThe Atmospheric RecordNatural And Anthropogenic Sources And SinksThe Global Budget Of Natural And Anthropogenic Carbon DioxideThe Effects Of Elevated Carbon Dioxide Levels On Global Temperature And Other Properties64. The Sulphur CycleThe Global Sulphur Cycle And Anthropogenic EffectsThe Sulphur Cycle And Atmospheric AcidityThe Sulphur Cycle And Climate65. Persistent Organic Pollutants (Pops)POP Mobility In The AtmosphereGlobal POP Equilibrium66. Further Reading67. WWW Search KeywordsIndex

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Biography

The authors of this book all work in the School of Environmental Sciences at the University of East Anglia, Norwich UK. They have many years experience in teaching environmental chemistry to undergraduates and are internationally respected researchers in their fields.