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Ancient in origin and once widespread on Earth, today cycads comprise few living survivors in limited distributions in the tropics and subtropics. A study of these extant members and the cycad fossil record dating back to over 250 million years ago has revealed that cycads have remained relatively unchanged throughout their long history. Indeed, cycads are the sister group to all other extant seed groups, and an understanding of their evolution can shed light on the evolution of all modern plants. Cycad Biology and Conservation, consisting of 34 papers, reports the work of 100 delegates from 15 different countries – including 50 cycad experts from China – who convened in Shenzhen, China for The 9th International Conference on Cycad Biology (Cycad 2011). The Conference covered eight main study areas: Genetics and Genomics, Conservation, Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Ecology, Horticulture, Toxicology, Economic Botany, and Information Management. Central to the Conference was the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)/Special Survival Commission (SSC)–Cycad Specialist Group, which met to update information on cycads on the Red List for 2011.
Comparative Studies of Tracheary Element Structure of Some Gymnosperms with Angiosperms
Yu-Yuan Huang, Yan-Hua Han, Li-Jun Wei, and Jia-Zhuo Wang
Anatomical Description of the Cytoplasmic Connections Between the Transfer Cells and the Central Cell During Its Growth Stages in Ceratozamia mexicana Brongn. and Zamia furfuracea L.f. (Cycadales)
María Ydelia Sánchez-Tinoco, Mark Engleman, and Andrew P. Vovides
Development Cycle of the Ovule and Seed of Zamia furfuracea L.f. (Cycadales)
María Ydelia Sánchez-Tinocom, Andrew P. Vovides, and Mark Engleman
Spines and Prickles
Dennis Wm. Stevenson
An Introduction to the IUCN Species Information System Database as the Platform for Cycad Red List Assessments
J. De Wet Bösenberg and John S. Donaldson
Botanic Gardens Cycad Collections: 4th GBGC Symposium Report
Andrew P. Vovides, M. Patrick Griffith, Dennis Wm. Stevenson, Nan Li, Yong Li, Shuijiao Fang, Dan Qian, Zhirong Zhong, Aldo Moretti, and Karin van der Walt
Range, Density, and Threatened Status of Cycas nongnoochiae
Thomas E. Marler, Anders J. Lindström, and Wes Field
Cycas debaoensis Conservation Project—A Village-Based Approach
William Tang, Nian Liu, Anders Lindström, Limei Tang, and Michael A. Calonje
Cycad Ethnobotany in South Africa: Complexities with Identifying and Quantifying Species
Stephen R. Cousins, Vivienne L. Williams, and Ed T. F. Witkowski
Impact of Disturbance on the Demography of the Endangered Species Ceratozamia mexicana Brongn.
Andrés Rivera-Fernández, Lourdes Georgina Iglesias-Andreu, Lázaro R. Sánchez-Velásquez, Pablo Octavio-Aguilar, Mario Vázquez-Torres, N. Flores-Estévez, and Mauricio Luna-Rodríguez
Effect of Disturbance on Population Dynamics of Mexican Cycads
Pablo Octavio-Aguilar, Andres Rivera-Fernández, Lourdes Georgina Iglesias-Andreu, Andrew P. Vovides, Miguel Ángel Perez-Farrera, Manuel Martínez-Melendez, and Jorge González-Astorga
Understanding Life History of Zamia Species Using Data from Field Studies and Botanical Collections
Cristina Lopez-Gallego
Hydraulic Determination of Leaf Nutrient Concentrations in Cycads
Yong-Jiang Zhang, Lawren Sack, Guillermo Goldstein, and Kun-Fang Cao
The NEEDLY Gene Is Associated with Sexual Expression in Ceratozamia mexicana Brongn. (Zamiaceae)
N. G. Sánchez-Coello, Lourdes Georgina Iglesias-Andreu, M. Luna-Rodriguez, Pablo Octavio-Aguilar, M. Vázquez-Torres, Andres Rivera-Fernández, and J. Adame-García
Using the Genetic Variation of Cycas taitungensis, an Endangered Island Cycad, to Evaluate Ex Situ Conservation Strategies
Pei-Chun Liao, Li-Ping Ju, Ya-Zhu Ko, Mei-Hui Chen, Yu-Pin Cheng, and Yu-Chung Chiang
Multilocus Genome Evidence for a Paraphyletic Relationship and Past Interspecific Gene Flow Between Species of Cycas Section Asiorientales
Yu-Chung Chiang, Bing-Hong Huang, Nan Li, Yi-Qing Gong, Hsien-Hui Shen, Shong Huang, and Pei-Chun Liao
Conservation Genetics of the Cycad Cycas hongheensis
Meng-Meng Guan, Wei Zhou, and Xun Gong
Phylogeography and Conservation Genetics of the Caribbean Zamia Clade: An Integrated Systematic Approach with SSRs and Single Copy Nuclear Genes
Alan W. Meerow, Dayana E. Salas-Leiva, Javier Francisco-Ortega, M. Patrick Griffith, Michael A. Calonje, Dennis Wm. Stevenson, and Kyoko Nakamura
DNA Barcoding Africa’s Endemic Cycads
Philip Rousseau, Piet J. Vorster, Damon P. Little, and Michelle van der Bank
Provenance Investigation and Genetic Diversity in Cycas szechuanensis
Yi-Qing Gong, Nan Li, and Wen-Bo Liao
Spent Coffee Grounds, Insect Control, and Plant Health in Cycads
Tracy Magellan, M. Patrick Griffith, Chad E. Husby, and Stella Cuestas
Cycad Sex Ratios at Montgomery Botanical Center
Claudia Calonje, Michael A. Calonje, and Chad E. Husby
Evaluating Inorganic Container Media for Cultivation of Cycads
Chad E. Husby, Vickie Murphy, Claudia Calonje, and Michael A. Calonje
Risk Analysis on Cycad Diseases in a Global World
Xinrong Wang, Weijie Ma, Nan Li, Xiaocong Lian, Letian Zhu, Si Sun, Chen Chen, and Yongsan Zeng
Factors Affecting Seed Production and Viability in Threatened Species of Encephalartos: Comparative Tests of Pollen Viability and Synchrony with Pollination Drop Formation in E. latifrons Lehm. and E. altensteinii Lehm.
Phakamani Xaba and John S. Donaldson
Thermogenesis Patterns in Selected Cycas Species
Irene Terry, Claudia Calonje, Michael A. Calonje, and Thomas E. Marler
Reproductive Phenology of Zamia L.: A Comparison Between Wild Cycads and Their Cultivated Counterparts
James A. R. Clugston, M. Patrick Griffith, Gregory J. Kenicer, Chad E. Husby, Michael A. Calonje, Damon P. Little, and Dennis Wm. Stevenson
An Overview of the Role of Cone Volatiles in the Pollination Ecology of Encephalartos Lehm.
Terence N. Suinyuy, John S. Donaldson, and Steven D. Johnson
Heat Production in Male Cones of Seven Asian Cycas Species (Cycadales)
William Tang
Season and Frequency of Cycas micronesica Leaf and Reproductive Events
Nirmala Dongol and Thomas E. Marler
Studies of the Conservation Process and Taxonomy of Cycas baiseensis and Cycas debaoensis
Yu-Yuan Huang
Scouting the Philippine Islands for Cycas
Thomas E. Marler and Anders J. Lindström
Novel Species of Cycas (Cycadaceae) from Mindanao Island, Philippines
Esperanza Maribel G. Agoo, Domingo A. Madulid, and John Rey Callado
The World List of Cycads
Dennis Wm. Stevenson, Leonie Stanberg, and Michael A. Calonje
Nan Li is the head of China National Cycad Conservation Center at Shenzhen Fairy Lake Botanical Garden. She is the president of both Cycad Society of China and Cycad Conservation Association of China. She has been the leading organizer in the development of National Cycad Conservation Center in Shenzhen, China, which has preserved not only all the cycad species distributing in China, but also abundant representatives around the world. She has created a cycad bonsai garden to show the gracious posture and tenacious vitality of the cycads, and has built a Cycad Fossil Museum to collect amazing cycad fossils of the Mesozoic from western Liaoning, China. She also implemented the pioneering reintroduction project of Cycas debaoensis, rescuing the extremely endangered species, and bred a great deal of endangered cycads
Dennis William Stevenson holds a Ph.D. University of California, Davis 1975. He is Vice President for Laboratory Research at The New York Botanical Garden and Editor, Botanical Review. His expertise is in Cycads, Monocots, and Genomics. His major research interests in the past few years have focused upon the evolution and classification of the Cycadales (cycads) and their placement in seed plant phylogeny. He is conducting research on various facets of the biology of the Cycadales and Gnetales. These facets include reproductive biology, anatomy, cytology, molecular systematics, as well as taxonomic monographs and treatments of these groups for various floras being prepared for the neotropics. Another major research interest is the systematics of the monocots, particularly, the Commelinidae. The topics under investigation include developmental floral morphology, embryology, and inflorescence structure because this basic information is incomplete or unknown for many of these families. These data are being combined with gene sequence data to generate phylogenetic hypothesis on the origin and classification of the monocots.
M. Patrick Griffith was born in Korea, and lived many places as a child, noting the great differences in the shape of the land and the plants that grow on it. During his early years at the University of Texas at Austin, he began a career in plants, working, studying and receiving degrees in botany, biology, and administration in Austin (1998), Alpine (2000), Claremont (2005) and Miami (2008). Patrick has worked in leadership, living collections management, herbarium curation, rare plant survey, floristic inventory, laboratory research, and land management, for botanic gardens, universities, government, and private interests. If asked about his experience, Patrick would say he has "used most every botanic garden tool, from the shovel to the sequencer." Since 2005, he has led Montgomery Botanical Center as Executive Director. Patrick's academic activity has been in plant systematics and plant conservation, and is focused on living botanical collections, mainly palms and cycads. He has served on the IUCN Cycad Specialist Group since 2007, and has served as Co-Chair since 2013.
