This is an examination of how NGOs can demonstrate and account for their successes and failures. The book reports that many NGOs are fundamentally weak in this area, and argues that unless performance is improved, confidence in their ability to deliver aid efficiently will be eroded. The first part of the book focuses on the conceptual framework surrounding NGO performance-measurement and accountability. Models of NGO governance, internal/external influences and NGO "room for manoeuvre" are reviewed. The second part includes case studies from Africa, Asia and Latin America which show what happens to NGO performance and accountability in different contexts and different types of agency. The final part of the book explores a range of innovative approaches which NGOs are using to strengthen their accountability both to their donors and beneficiaries. Case studies are presented from real experience to show how monitoring and evaluation can be made both more participatory and more accurate.