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Life in Ancient Ice presents an unparalleled overview of current research into microbial life in ancient glacial ice and permafrost. Particulates of fungi, bacteria, pollen grains, protists, and viruses are carried by wind around the globe. When they fall to Earth in polar regions they may be trapped in ice for hundreds of millennia. Some of the many implications sound like science fiction – for example, might melting glaciers release ancient pathogens that yield modern-day pandemics? But rigorous, coordinated research is nascent. Life in Ancient Ice points the way forward. Based on a National Science Foundation-sponsored symposium organized by the editors in 2001, it comprises twenty chapters by internationally renowned scientists, including Russian experts whose decades of work has been rarely available in English.
Life in Ancient Ice begins by setting forth many protocols that have been used to study microorganisms trapped in ice, discussing their potential sources and presenting evidence for microbial metabolic activity at temperatures below freezing. This is followed by nine chapters describing the fungi, bacteria, and viruses that have been found in permafrost and glacial ice. Later chapters include a look at Antarctica's subglacial Lake Vostok, at a robot that can be lowered into ice to detect microbes, and at the use of icy environments on Earth as model systems for studying similar environments on planets and moons. The editors conclude by reviewing key discoveries and outlining important areas for future research.
List of Figures ix
List of Tables xiii
Contributors xv
Acknowledgments xix
CHAPTER 1: Introduction by John D. Castello and Scott O. Rogers 1
CHAPTER 2: Recommendations for Elimination of Contaminants and Authentication of Isolates in Ancient Ice Cores by Scott O. Rogers, Li-Jun Ma, Yinghao Zhao, Vincent Theraisnathan, Seung-Geuk Shin, Gang Zhang, Catherine M. Catranis, William T. Starmer, and John D. Castello 5
CHAPTER 3: Perennial Antarctic Lake Ice: A Refuge for Cyanobacteria in an Extreme Environment by John C. Priscu, Edward E. Adams, Hans W. Paerl, Christian H. Fritsen, John E. Dore, John T. Lisle, Craig F. Wolf, and Jill A. Mikucki 22
CHAPTER 4: The Growth of Prokaryotes in Antarctic Sea Ice: Implications for Ancient Ice Communities by David S. Nichols 50
CHAPTER 5: Frozen in Time: The Diatom Record in Ice Cores from Remote Drilling Sites on the Antarctic Ice Sheets by Davida E. Kellogg and Thomas B. Kellogg 69
CHAPTER 6: The Nature and Likely Sources of Biogenic Particles Found in Ancient Ice from Antarctica by Raymond Sambrotto and Lloyd Burckle 94
CHAPTER 7: Microbial Life below the Freezing Point within Permafrost by Elizaveta Rivkina, Kayastas Laurinavichyus, and David A. Gilichinsky 106
CHAPTER 8: Yeasts Isolated from Ancient Permafrost by Rushaniya N. Faizutdinova, Nataliya E. Suzina, Vitalyi I. Duda, Lada E. Petrovskaya, and David A. Gilichinsky 118
CHAPTER 9: Fungi in Ancient Permafrost Sediments of the Arctic and Antarctic Regions by Nataliya E. Ivanushkina, Galina A. Kochkina, and Svetlana M. Ozerskaya 127
CHAPTER 10: Viable Phototrophs: Cyanobacteria and Green Algae from the Permafrost Darkness by Tatiana A. Vishnivetskaya, Ludmila G. Erokhina, Elena V. Spirina, Anastasia V. Shatilovich, Elena A. Vorobyova, Alexander I. Tsapin, and David A. Gilichinsky 140
CHAPTER 11: The Significance and Implications of the Discovery of Filamentous Fungi in Glacial Ice by Li-Jun Ma, Catherine M. Catranis, William T. Starmer, and Scott O. Rogers 159
CHAPTER 12: Yeasts in the Genus Rhodotorula Recovered from the Greenland Ice Sheet by William T. Starmer, Jack W. Fell, Catherine M. Catranis, Virginia Aberdeen, Li-Jun Ma, Shuang Zhou, and Scott O. Rogers 181
CHAPTER 13: Plant and Bacterial Viruses in the Greenland Ice Sheet by John D. Castello, Scott O. Rogers, James E. Smith, William T. Starmer, and Yinghao Zhao 196
CHAPTER 14: Viral Pathogens of Humans Likely to Be Preserved in Natural Ice by Dany Shoham 208
CHAPTER 15: Classification of Bacteria from Polar and Nonpolar Glacial Ice by Brent C. Christner, Ellen Mosley-Thompson, Lonnie G. Thompson, and John N. Reeve 227
CHAPTER 16: Common Features of Microorganisms in Ancient Layers of the Antarctic Ice Sheet by S.S. Abyzov, M.N. Poglazova, J.N. Mitskevich, and M.V. Ivanov 240
CHAPTER 17: Comparative Biological Analyses of Accretion Ice from Subglacial Lake Vostok by Robin Bell, Michael Studinger, Anahita Tikku, and John D. Castello 251
CHAPTER 18: Search for Microbes and Biogenic Compounds in Polar Ice Using Fluorescence by Ryan Bay, Nathan Bramall, and P. Buford Price 268
CHAPTER 19: Living Cells in Permafrost as Models for Astrobiology Research by Elena A. Vorobyova, V.S. Soina, A.G. Mamukelashvili, A. Bolshakova, I.V. Yaminsky, and A.L. Mulyukin 277
CHAPTER 20: A Synopsis of the Past, an Evaluation of the Current, and a Glance toward the Future by John D. Castello and Scott O. Rogers 289
Index 301
John D. Castello is Professor of Environmental and Forest Biology in the College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York. Scott O. Rogers is Professor and Chair of Biological Sciences at Bowling Green State University.
"This book [...] reports the unexpected finding that all the ice realms, polar, glacial, and permafrost, are part of the biosphere [...] As the new field of study of life in extreme conditions continues to expand, this book will be a constant reference. Someday it will be seen to have been seminal."
– Jack Harris, Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research
"The arrival of this volume is very timely and helpful. It is clear from its materials that Russian scientists have made and are making a significant contribution to life exploration in ancient ice. Until now, their works had seldom appeared in English-language editions. This is one of the reasons why overseas specialists were generally weakly acquainted with the works by our researchers. This gap has now been bridged."
– V.A. Melnik, Microbiology
"Castello and Rogers have brought together many of the world's experts on life in icy environments and have produced a most comprehensive and timely compilation of information on this exploding area of research. This book is a useful guide for experts looking for more information on specific environments or protocols and for those whose interest is more casual. It will be a well-thumbed addition to my bookshelf."
– Brian Lanoil, University of California, Riverside
"From the icy worlds of Lake Vostok, Antarctica, to the ancient permafrost soils of Siberia, this volume defines and explores the new science of subsurface ice microbiology. The contributing authors describe the diversity and microbiota of ancient ice environments on modern-day Earth, the multiple challenges of deep-ice exploration, and the broader significance of these systems as genetic storehouses and models of preservation and survival under extreme cold. This book captures the excitement of a new frontier in microbial ecology."
– Warwick F. Vincent, Laval University, Canada
"The thought of surviving, even prospering, deep within ice and permafrost sent a shiver down my spine. However, for selected microorganisms this is a strategy for long-term survival in one of Earth's most extreme habitats. This authoritative collection of 'cold facts' – the first of its kind – provides a comprehensive account of the occurrence, physiological adaptations, and ecological implications of microbes that are frozen in contemporary time. The implications of this research are broad, reaching from sub-glacial lakes in Antarctica to possible life on Mars, Europa, and beyond. I endorse the editors' conclusion, 'It is a fascinating story.'"
– David M. Karl, University of Hawaii
"This book represents the first time experts in the field – including some founders of the field, such as those from Russia – have come together in a single volume to discuss the topic of life in ancient ice."
– Lloyd Burckle, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University
"This book does a good job of making a case for long-term survival of microorganisms and possible low-temperature metabolism in ice-bound cells. The papers represent a strong collection that illustrates the breadth of work that has been undertaken in this fascinating field in recent years by some of the top researchers in the field. The editors' opening and closing chapters draw together the threads of the contributions and point a way forward in cryosphere research."
– Ian Hawes, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, New Zealand
