Shark Attacks Myths, Misunderstandings and Human Fear

If there is one group of animals that Steven Spielberg has not done a favour, it must be sharks. Already feared as a dangerous predator in an environment where humans are not in their element, the 1975 movie Jaws drove this fear to stratospheric heights and painted a portrait of these fish as ruthless man-eating monsters. Browse any selection of books on sharks, and you're likely to see photos of a breaching great white, jaws agape. This, by way of a short introduction, brings us to the current book: Chapman's Shark Attacks. The problem with shark attacks is that they are a bit like plane crashes: low-probability, high-impact events. You're not likely to experience either, but when you do, the results can be disastrous. And thus we fear both flying and sharks.

This book aims to bring some rational thought to the issue, looking at a range of subjects. After reviewing some relevant aspects of shark biology, Chapman considers the role of the media and the disproportionate attention every single attack gets, which often is in the hundreds of newspaper articles and news bulletin items. Most of this is rife with sensationalism, which only reinforces our fears. When balanced and based on facts, media coverage *can* be a force for good and educate people. Then there is a chapter on the role of human psychology on our irrational fear and several very practical chapters on what you can do to minimise risk, and on first aid and trauma medicine. Personal mitigation largely comes down to being informed and making clever choices. None of the devices on the market that Chapman shortly reviews here offer full protection, few have been thoroughly independently tested, and most are of doubtful efficacy, with some possibly even repelling some shark species while attracting others! The last three chapters look at management responses and policy options, offer a review of various protective measures that have been implemented in, amongst others, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and Hawai'i, and the role of legislation in minimising shark attacks. Most measures implemented to prevent shark attacks are cruel, ineffective, impractical or unpopular. Large-scale culling seems more a kneejerk response to appease angry crowds; drum-lines (lines with baited hooks) and mesh nets indiscriminately kill anything that gets caught, including fish, marine mammals such as dolpins, and turtles, which can in turn actually attract sharks; acoustic and sonar detection are not refined enough for the task yet; human monitoring can work if thorough enough, but needs the right kind of environment; and beach closures are effective but understandably unpopular. An additional problem is that sharks range so widely that it's incredibly hard to tag sufficient numbers to track them and collect relevant data on the efficacy of these mitigation strategies.

Two things really stand out in this book. First is that Chapman, despite her background as a marine biologist, manages to approach this topic neutrally. Where Elliott's Shark Man is a pro-shark conservationist book that gives a better picture of the horrors inflicted on sharks in the name of mitigation strategies, Chapman is cautious not to pick a side. She is fascinated by sharks, but does not downplay the gruesome aftermath victims are faced with, nor seek to sensationalise the topic. Though there is no shortage of books with eyewitness accounts (most recently Sharks Never Sleep), Chapman has rightly included a large number of personal accounts of survivors, relatives, medical personnel, and legislators and politicians. Some are in favour of culling, others are not, but all get their say in this book. It's remarkable to read how at-risk groups such as surfers and bodyboarders mostly oppose revenge culling. Possessed of a love for the sea, and a healthy respect for its inhabitants, these people tend to willingly and knowingly take the risk and the responsibility when they enter the water. There is even the Fin for a Fin initiative, which sees surfers attach a fin to their board to indicate they don't condone revenge killings in the unlikely case they get hurt or killed by a shark. Similarly remarkable is the Facebook group for shark attack survivors that seeks to immediately offer psychological support to victims in the aftermath of their ordeal.

The second thing to stand out is the complexity of the problem. Most attacks are done by just a few large species, but with over 500 species currently described, there is no one-size-fits-all solution. The differences in biology between species mean that mitigation measures that work against one species might not repel another, or even attract them. And that's before accounting for individual differences within species. Solutions employed by one country might not work in others, meaning most areas will have to work towards their own tailor-made solutions that account for species composition and seasonality in shark presence, and local geography.

While Chapman rightfully highlights how myths, misunderstanding and misplaced fear blow the problem of shark attacks out of proportion, she doesn't really look at the flipside. Sharks are far more at threat from us than we are from them (see for example Thomas Peschak's graphical documentation in Sharks & People). This was likely a deliberate choice, and although she gives the reader a basic introduction to shark mortality due to fisheries on page 6, I would have liked to see her return to this in closing the book, as the gap between human-caused shark mortality and shark-caused human mortality is insane.

Though this is not the first book to try to bring the voice of reason to the topic (see also Allen's 2001 Shark Attacks, Zoldak's 2009 Danger in the Deep, or Blackhall's 2012 Killers in the Water), its coverage of practical measures and policy responses, and moderate, non-sensational tone (and cover!) make this book recommended to anyone interested in this form of human-wildlife conflict. As she points out in her introduction, sharks are an ancient group of fish that play an important role in marine ecosystems, and our ruthless destruction of this apex predator could have dire, worldwide consequences. With continued education, we can hopefully keep on turning the tide in favour of shark conservation rather than persecution, dispel unnecessary fear, make policy decisions on rational rather than emotional grounds, and minimise the number of people injured or killed by sharks.